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Reflection
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in Ultrasonic Nondestructive Analysis of Plastics
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 11 Reflection-based C-scan
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Image
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 63 Schematic diagrams. (a) Reflection time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) system. Courtesy of ION-TOF GmbH, Munster, Germany. (b) TRIFT ToF-SIMS system. SED, secondary electron detector. Courtesy of Physical Electronics Inc., Chanhassen, MN
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 27 Reflected-light optical micrograph of the fracture surface of medium-density polyethylene pipe. Arrows indicate the direction of crack propagation.
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in Laser Surface Mapping of a Canister Closure Weld
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Reflectivity error test apparatus
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in Anomalous Fractures of Diesel Engine Bearing Cap Bolts[1]
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 6 Outer edge of a failure origin. This area reflects an intergranular mode of crack propagation. The intergranular region extends to the extreme outer surface of the fracture (some separation of the carbon replica is seen at this outer edge). 1900×
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in Anomalous Fractures of Diesel Engine Bearing Cap Bolts[1]
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 11 A magnified view of Fig. 10 , reflecting the intergranular path along prior austenite boundaries. Secondary cracks emanating from the primary crack are also evident. Vilella etch, 435×
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in Processing-Induced Fatigue Fracture of a Helicopter Tail Rotor Blade
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 2 Tail rotor blade spar failure surface showing flat fracture, reflective facets, and a dark spot at the arrow. Approximately. 0.95×
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in Failure of an Irrigation Pipe
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Construction, Mining, and Agricultural Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Reflected-light optical micrograph of the fracture surface of medium-density polyethylene pipe. Arrows indicate the direction of crack propagation.
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in Stress Corrosion Cracking of Tough Pitch Copper in a Bolting Application
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 3 Representative service-failure fracture surface, showing reflective, granular appearance
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in Bacteria-Induced Corrosion of a Stainless Steel Chemical Trailer Barrel
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Higher-magnification view of edge of pit in the weld area, reflecting preferential interdendritic attack along with the absence of surface etching orother attack on the metal immediately adjacentto the pit. 450×.
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Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrograph of transversal section. (a) Reflected electrons. (b) Energy-dispersive analysis for zinc mapping.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... position under a reverberating load for an extended period of time. Loads (forces) Reflection Spur gears Vibration 8622 UNS G86220 (Other, miscellaneous, or unspecified) wear Three spur gears that had formed a straight-line train in a speed reducer were brought in for examination...
Abstract
Three spur gears made from 8622 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel formed a straight-line train in a speed reducer on a rail-mounted overslung lumber carrier. The gears were submitted for nondestructive examination and evaluation, with no accompanying information or report. Two teeth on one of the gears were found to be pitted, one low on profile and the adjacent tooth high on profile. The mating gear had a similar characteristic, two adjacent teeth with evidence of pitting and the same difference in profile. It was correctly deduced that the pitting occurred because the gears were in a static position under a reverberating load for an extended period of time.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0059924
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... and calibrated using the back-surface-reflection method to determine whether adequate ultrasonic penetration was available. Areas of indications were noted at approximately midheight and adjacent to the bore area. An axial angle-beam inspection from the outside was performed, mainly in the area of indications...
Abstract
The large steel ring produced for a nuclear application from a billet of 8822 steel was inspected. The large billet was first forged into a doughnut preform in a large press, and then formed into the ring by ring rolling. A straight-beam ultrasonic inspection was instituted and calibrated using the back-surface-reflection method to determine whether adequate ultrasonic penetration was available. Areas of indications were noted at approximately midheight and adjacent to the bore area. An axial angle-beam inspection from the outside was performed, mainly in the area of indications to reveal detectable indications. The indications were not considered serious enough to reject the forgings. A few small indications in the areas tested were revealed by magnetic particle inspection. The area was conditioned by grinding and polishing to obtain an additional inspection at a greater depth from the inside surface. A much more severe condition was revealed after the test. The indications were classified as areas of chemical segregation and nonmetallic inclusions. The ring was considered unsatisfactory for the application and replacement of the defective ring from an acceptable billet was the most economical solution.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006798
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to failure analysis and prevention. This glossary is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this volume and reflect common and modern understanding...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to failure analysis and prevention. This glossary is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this volume and reflect common and modern understanding of these terms as used in the literature and in reports by practicing failure analysts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0090908
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... conditions than those encountered in most applications of PE pipes. Visual inspection and reflected-light optical micrographs were used to plot bandwidth as a function of crack length. The conclusion was that, contrary to the dominant belief that pipe failure initiates from surface defects, a critical size...
Abstract
An irrigation pipe made of medium-density PE failed during service. This pipe was subjected to severe cyclic-bending strain of the order of 6% while under tensile stress of approximately 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) and a hoop stress of approximately 6.2 MPa (900 psi), far more stringent conditions than those encountered in most applications of PE pipes. Visual inspection and reflected-light optical micrographs were used to plot bandwidth as a function of crack length. The conclusion was that, contrary to the dominant belief that pipe failure initiates from surface defects, a critical size flaw within the pipe wall can also initiate failure as it did in this case. Recommendations included that similarity criteria should be established between the fracture behavior of a component in service and that observed in the laboratory.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c0090430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... on quality-control hold. Investigation included visual inspection, 24x micrographs, and FTIR in the reflectance mode. The spectrum obtained on the included material was characteristic of polybutadiene, the rubber-modifying agent present in ABS. This supported the conclusion that the inclusion's most likely...
Abstract
The handle from a consumer product exhibited an apparent surface defect. The handle had been injection molded from a medium viscosity grade ABS resin. The anomalous appearance was objectionable to the assembler of the final product and resulted in a production lot being placed on quality-control hold. Investigation included visual inspection, 24x micrographs, and FTIR in the reflectance mode. The spectrum obtained on the included material was characteristic of polybutadiene, the rubber-modifying agent present in ABS. This supported the conclusion that the inclusion's most likely source was an undispersed gel particle formed during the production of the molding resin.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This glossary is a compilation of terms related to the analysis and prevention of component and equipment failures. It is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this Volume and reflect a common and modern...
Abstract
This glossary is a compilation of terms related to the analysis and prevention of component and equipment failures. It is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this Volume and reflect a common and modern understanding of these terms as used in the literature and in reports by practicing failure analysts.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract The spontaneous breakage of tempered glass spandrel panels used to cover concrete wall panels on building facades was investigated. Between January 1988 and August 1990, 19 panel failures were recorded. The tinted panels were coated on their exterior surfaces with a reflective metal...
Abstract
The spontaneous breakage of tempered glass spandrel panels used to cover concrete wall panels on building facades was investigated. Between January 1988 and August 1990, 19 panel failures were recorded. The tinted panels were coated on their exterior surfaces with a reflective metal oxide and covered on the back surfaces with an adherent black polyethylene plastic. Macro fractography, SEM fractography, EDX analysis, and photo elasticimetry were conducted on four of the shattered panels. Small nickel sulfide inclusions were found at the failure origins. Failure of the panels was attributed to growth of the inclusions, coupled with high residual stresses. Fracture mechanics analysis showed that the residual stresses alone were high enough to cause fracture of the glass, with a flaw of the size observed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article. digital cameras failure analysis microscopic photography photographic lighting visual examination FAILURE ANALYSIS is an investigative...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process that uses visual observations of features present on a failed component fracture surface combined with component and environmental conditions to determine the root cause of a failure. The primary means of recording the conditions and features observed during a failure analysis investigation is photography. Failure analysis photographic imaging is a combination of both science and art; experience and proper imaging techniques are required to produce an accurate and meaningful fracture surface photograph. This article reviews photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article.
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 16 Types of anode targets in x-ray tubes. (a) Transmission type. (b) Reflection type. (c) Rotating reflection type
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