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Rails (railroad)
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract An AISI 9260 steel railroad spike maul failed after a relatively short period of service. The maul head fractured in two pieces when struck against a rail. Visual, fractographic, metallographic, and chemical analyses were conducted on sections taken from the maul head, which was found...
Abstract
An AISI 9260 steel railroad spike maul failed after a relatively short period of service. The maul head fractured in two pieces when struck against a rail. Visual, fractographic, metallographic, and chemical analyses were conducted on sections taken from the maul head, which was found to have fractured across both sides of the eye. Failure occurred in at least three separate events: formation of two cracks immediately adjacent to the eye, extension of one of the original cracks over a portion of one of the eye sides, and abrupt extension of the original crack across the eye sides, resulting in separation into two halves.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... any such chemical seal that was established and render it ineffective. Cracking would take place where residual tensile stresses of a sufficiently high order either from manufacture or welding existed. This is in line with the experience of the American Railroads, where the use of sodium sulphate...
Abstract
Several articulated bellows of 10 in. ID developed leakage from the convolutions after a service life of some 18 months. One of the units received from examination showed cracking at the crown of a convolution and at the attachment weld to the pipe. Sectioning of the bellows revealed many others cracks on the internal surface which did not penetrate to the outside. Microscopical examination showed multiple intergranular, tree-like cracking typical of stress-corrosion cracking. Concentration of sodium hydroxide occurred in the bellows unit and the stress-corrosion cracking which developed was of the form known as caustic cracking. It was recommended that water for de-superheater use should be taken after the deaerator and prior to the addition of salts which may deposit or concentrate in the desuperheater.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... recommended practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe. It was recognized that larger-diameter thinner-walled pipe is inherently more susceptible to transit fatigue [ 4 , 5 ]. The recommended D/t ratio was reduced from 70:1 to 50:1 in the 1990 edition of API RP5L1 [ 5 ]. One comparison of rail and...
Abstract
A newly installed pipeline leaked during cleaning prior to hydrotest at a pressure of approximately 400 psig. The intended hydrotest pressure was 750 psig. The pipeline was constructed from spiral-welded API 5L-X65 HSLA steel and was intended for seawater injection. Analysis included nondestructive testing, metallography, and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results, the failure was attributed to transit fatigue, caused during highway transportation. Cracks along the toes of the weld from both the outside and inside surfaces, the transgranular nature of cracking, and the presence of fatigue striations all supported transit fatigue as the damage mechanism.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Abstract
Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... thickness when only one side of a component is accessible. Applications include: Piping and pressure vessels Bridges and structures Thickness measurement Railroad rolling stock Machinery Nuclear systems Motor vehicles The application of ultrasonic testing is limited in failure...
Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.