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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0048819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Abstract A large pressure vessel that had been in service as a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorber developed cracks and began leaking at a nozzle. The vessel contained a 20% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and arsenic. The vessel wall was manufactured...
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 26 Duplex stainless steel etched with electrolytic potassium hydroxide More
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Published: 15 January 2021
×. (d) Potassium hydroxide etching confirms the presence of sigma phase at grain boundaries in the core microstructure. Original magnification: 500× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 21 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by SCC because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Micrograph showing corrosion pits at edge of fracture surface More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 85 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by stress-corrosion cracking because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support (dimensions given in inches). (b) Corrosion pits at edge of fracture More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by SCC because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Micrograph showing corrosion pits at edge of fracture surface More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract A type 430Ti stainless steel flue gas expansion joint cracked because of caustic-induced stress-corrosion cracking. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope analysis of the fracture surface deposits revealed the presence of sodium and potassium—caustics in hydroxide form. Primary fracture...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001525
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... that experienced the same service conditions developed no corrosion. Corrosion was linked to forming defects that provided sites for localized corrosion, and to lack of steam drying after cleaning, which increased susceptibility to general corrosion. Corrosion products Hydroxides Potassium compounds Steam...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
...) The operating parameters were: Electrolyte composition 5 to 10 wt % potassium hydroxide in the feedwater Cell voltage 2.5 to 3.5 V dc Current 5000 A Temperature Electrolyte side: 50 °C (120 °F) Cooling water side: 45 °C (110 °F) Specimen Selection Several specimens from...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of the gouge shown in Fig. 6 . The results show the presence of sodium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, and iron. Sodium in the form of sodium hydroxide caused the gouging, and the attack was probably aggravated by the presence of silicon and sulfur (silicates and sulfur...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... and austenitic stainless steels after extensive exposure to temperatures ranging from 650 to 900 °C (1200 to 1650 °F). It forms more rapidly from ferrite than from austenite. Electrolytic etching with potassium hydroxide (KOH) reveals a sigma phase ( Fig. 26 ). Fig. 26 Duplex stainless steel etched...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... are chlorides such as calcium and magnesium chloride, but also highly concentrated alkali solutions such as potassium or sodium hydroxide. The process takes place very slowly at room temperature, but is strongly accelerated by raising the temperature, Stresses are effective even if they lie far below the yield...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... unit employing Kroll's etch and a rare earth polishing compound. Application of a duplex etching treatment consisting of Kroll's solution followed by a hydrogen peroxide-potassium hydroxide mixture, combined with interference microscopy, was needed to delineate the shear bands. The threads were...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... hydroxide). Below 570 °C (1060 °F), the main constituent of the scale formed on carbon and low-alloy steel is magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), whereas above 570 °C (1060 °F), it is wustite (FeO). The scale formed on T91 steel, which has special significance as a tube material for supercritical boilers, is somewhat...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... location, traces of potassium and titanium were found. Analyses of other areas did not disclose definitive evidence of contaminants to support SCC as the failure mechanism. Fig. 10 Fracture surface of mechanical test specimen from piping cross. Fracture is intergranular. The coarse grain size...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... may be defeated by the phenomenon known as “hide out”, a term used to describe local concentration of chemicals, e.g. phosphates and alkali, which can occur within a boiler thereby leading to anomalous conclusions when interpreting the results of water analyses. Potassium salts, instead of sodium...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... and potassium chloride. As the steam expands through the turbine, the solubility of the corrosive chemicals decreases. When the solubility limit is reached the chemicals precipitate into droplets of concentrated solutions which are in equilibrium with the steam. Chemicals such as sodium hydroxide are in a class...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Engineering Experiment Station concluded, “The results which have been obtained justify the opinion which has prevailed in the United States that mild steel is embrittled by sodium hydroxide… Stress and chemical attack now appear to be the predominating factors, neither of which can produce embrittlement...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... by internal sulfidation above 800 °C (1470 °F); alloy depletion is generally associated with the corrosion front. This attack involves molten ash and deposits containing sodium sulfate and/or potassium sulfate salts. Very small amounts of sulfur and sodium or potassium can produce sufficient Na 2 SO 4...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1