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Book Chapter

By R.J. Eiber, J.F. Kiefner
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article describes the failure characteristics of high-pressure long-distance pipelines. It discusses the causes of pipeline failures and the procedures used to investigate them. The use of fracture mechanics in failure investigations and in developing remedial measures is also...
Book Chapter

By A. Hudgins, C. Roepke, B. James, B. Kondori, B. Whitley
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article discusses the failure analysis of several steel transmission pipeline failures, describes the causes and characteristics of specific pipeline failure modes, and introduces pipeline failure prevention and integrity management practices and methodologies. In addition...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... Abstract The defects observed along weldings of stainless steel pipelines employed in marine environments were evidenced by metallographic and electrochemical examination. A compilation of cases on the effect of defective weldings, in addition to improper choice of stainless steel for water...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract On 9 March 2000, a gasoline pipeline failed near Greenville, TX releasing approximately 12,000 barrels of fuel. After the on-scene portion of the investigation was completed, an 8.5 ft. (2.6 m) section of the 28 in. (71 cm) diam pipe was sent to the materials laboratory for examination...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract A newly installed pipeline leaked during cleaning prior to hydrotest at a pressure of approximately 400 psig. The intended hydrotest pressure was 750 psig. The pipeline was constructed from spiral-welded API 5L-X65 HSLA steel and was intended for seawater injection. Analysis included...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract A natural gas pipeline explosion and subsequent fire significantly altered the pipeline steel microstructure, obscuring in part the primary cause of failure, namely, coating breakdown at a local hard spot in the steel. Chemical analysis was made on pieces cut from the portion...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... to the 10-cm (4-in.) steel main to extend the main. Smaller service lines carried gas from the mains to the residences. Acommon maintenance practice on PE pipelines is the use of a bar clamp to squeeze the pipe flat whenever the flow of gas is to be stopped for down-stream maintenance. This greatly reduces...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract A section of pipe in a hydrocarbon pipeline was found to be leaking. The pipeline was installed several decades earlier and was protected by an external coating of extruded polyethylene and a cathodic protection system. The failed pipe section was made from API 5L X46 line pipe steel...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... C (375 deg F) and the solution contained approximately 700 ppm chlorides. Liquid penetrant inspection of the pipeline showed the leaks were numerous and confined adjacent to the welds. A metallographic specimen from the circumferential weld showed the cracks initiated at the inside surface...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract A ring-type joint in a reactor pipeline for a hydrocracker unit had failed. Cracks were observed on the flange and the associated ring gasket during an inspection following a periodic shutdown of the unit. The components were manufactured from stabilized grades of austenitic stainless...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract A bent Ni-Cu Monel 400 alloy tube, which operated as part of a pipeline in a petrochemical distillery, failed by through-thickness cracking. The pipeline was used to carry a stream of gaseous hydrocarbons containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) into a reaction tower. The tower provided...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c0047537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract During the construction of a large-diam pipeline, several girth welds had to be cut out as a result of radiographic interpretation. The pipeline was constructed of 910 mm (36 in.) diam x 13 mm (0.5 in.) wall thickness grade X448 (x65) line pipe. The girth welds were fabricated using...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046535
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... of pipe were joined by shielded metal arc welding. Soundness of the welded joints was determined by water back-pressure testing after several lengths of pipe had been installed and joined. Before completion of the pipeline, a pressure drop was observed during back-pressure testing. An extreme depression...
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Cathodic protection of a buried pipeline using a buried magnesium anode. Source: Ref 6 More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Impressed-current cathodic protection of a buried pipeline using graphite anodes. Source: Ref 6 More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Stepwise cracking of a low-strength pipeline steel exposed to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). 6× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 40 Hydrogen-induced cracking in pipeline steel More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 23 Transmission pipeline rupture that resulted from significant wall loss due to general corrosion More
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 25 Cathodic protection of a buried pipeline using a buried magnesium anode. Source: Ref 13 More
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 26 Impressed-current cathodic protection of a buried pipeline using graphite anodes. Source: Ref 13 More