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Phase transformations

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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 121 Schematic representation of partial phase transformations that take place during heating to 750 to 800 °C (1380 to 1470 °F) and then cooling to room temperature More
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Size change due to thermal changes and phase transformation. K, core; R, surface More
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the effects of various material- and process-related parameters on residual stress, distortion control, cracking, and microstructure/property relationships as they relate to various types of failure. It discusses phase transformations that occur...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001685
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... failures whereby components that cracked either during or immediately after the heat treatment/quenching operation were sectioned for metallographic examination of the microstructure to examine the degree of phase transformation. Examination of premature tensile specimen failures by scanning electron...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... temperatures. The combined effect of pitting, incrustations, and phase transformations caused the pipe to rupture. boiler tube fracture corrosion pits salt incrustation carbon steel thermal fatigue striations dimples microstructural analysis plastic strain A192 (carbon steel) UNS K01201...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048397
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Phase transformations Surgical implants Chromium steel Uniform corrosion The four-hole Lane plate shown in Fig. 1(a) was inserted 46 years ago and remained in the body for 26 years. A large portion of the plate disintegrated and consisted mainly of corrosion products. Figure 1(b) shows...
Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Microstructure of component that cracked during quenching. Phase transformation from γ to α′ martensite was incomplete and indicative of cooling rate <50°C. More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
...-gradient and phase-change stresses. Joining the studs to the flanges by welding should be discontinued. They should be attached by screw threads, using a key and keyway to prevent turning in service. Flanges Heat affected zone Phase transformations Studs 414 UNS S41400 Joining-related failures...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
..., the welded joints withstood the tensile and wrap tests. Austenite Phase transformations Post heating Tempering 1080 UNS G10800 Joining-related failures Extra high strength zinc-coated 1080 steel welded wire, 2.0 ± 0.08 mm (0.080 ± 0.003 in.) in diameter, was wound into seven-wire cable...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... ( Fig. 5 ). Evidence of spheroidization of the pearlite was observed ( Fig. 6b ), indicating some elevated-temperature exposure of side A, but this could have occurred either prior to or following unstable fracture. This evidence shows that side A material did not undergo any phase transformation prior...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
.... The steel in the regions of the slots possessed little capacity for deformation, and fracturing of the martensitic layer, under cooling or impact stresses, would be likely to occur. The slots should have been cut mechanically. Impact Martensite Phase transformations Rails (railroad) Fe-0.55C...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... of 379 to 282 °C (714 to 540 °F), the thermodynamically stable phase is different and has a volume about 3 to 4% higher than the high-temperature phase. The transformation kinetics are slow, so that after quenching during the glass tempering process, any nickel sulfide inclusion is still in the high...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... or by a minute amount of phase transformation or both. Conclusion The fuel-line fracture was caused by fatigue induced by severe vibration in service. Corrective Measure Additional tube clamps were provided to damp the critical vibrational stresses. No further fuel-line fractures were encountered...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0090030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Gas turbine engines Microcracking Phase transformations Rotors Titanium Fatigue fracture Brittle fracture In 1989, a United Airlines DC-10 in transit from Denver to Chicago experienced failure of the center engine. The titanium compressor disk burst and severed the hydraulics of the plane...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0046044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... but before tempering. Microscopic examinations of ethereal picral etched sections indicated that the cracks appeared before or during the final tempering phase of the heat treatment and that cracking had occurred while the steel was in the as-quenched condition, before its 315 deg C (600 deg F) snap temper...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
.... Stresses generated by phase transformations promote decohesion of metal particles and graphite, and gross metal wastage (dusting) occurs. Fig. 6 Reactivity of sever air representative alloys reacted in Co. Once this mechanism was initiated, reaction rates probably accelerated when carbon...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... that are far more erosion resistant than the standard constructional materials described earlier are well known. The best of these, exemplified by cobalt-base alloys and NiTi alloys, are characterized by energy-absorbing deformation modes: fine twinning, stress- or strain-induced phase transformation...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006826
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... (macroscopic and microscopic) Residual-tension stress distribution in surface layer Processing inclusions introduced Plastically deformed debris as a result of grinding Voids, pits, burrs, or foreign material inclusions in surface Physical Transformation of phases Grain size and distribution...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001837
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... as compared to fine grain sizes, because the grain boundary area per unit volume decreases. This results in lesser number of potent sites available for nucleation of ferrite and pearlite. Thus, the transformation of austenite into softer phases (i.e. ferrite-pearlite) is slowed down with the increase...
Image
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 8 An interesting detail on the group 1 resistors was the presence of an amorphous dark-appearing phase dotting the interface between the cermet metallization and the thick-film polymer conductive ink. Fourier transform infrared analysis determined that this dark-appearing phase More