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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... the inlet and replacement of the floating skirt with virgin material (i.e., material unaffected by weld repairs). Chemical processing equipment Condenser tubes, corrosion Condensers (liquefiers) Heat-affected zone Nitric acid, environment Repair welding Tube plate, corrosion Welded joints...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... to type 304 stainless steel tubing made without dendritic weld seams was recommended. Heat-affected zone Nitric acid, environment Papermaking Welded joints, corrosion Inconel 600 UNS N06600 Uniform corrosion Galvanic corrosion Background Several nickel-base superalloy (UNS N06600...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... impermeable to the diffusion of ionic species was recommended. Chemical processing equipment Nitric acid, environment Spools, corrosion Sulfuric acid, environment Teflon-lined carbon steel Intergranular corrosion Stress-corrosion cracking Background A flanged 100 mm (4 in.) diam low-carbon...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001399
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... stresses would be greatest. The compressor intake was situated in the vicinity of nitric acid pumps which had a history of leakage troubles, and which had evidently given rise to the nitrates found on the impeller. Air compressors Chlorides Corrosion environments Impellers Nitric acid Pumps Fe...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0045918
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine. Investigation into the processing history of the part showed the tenacious oxide film formed by the affinity of niobium for oxygen - even when heat treated in a vacuum – was removed with a combination of strong acids: nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... segregation in the original plate served as preferential corrosion sites. Had the tanks been hydrostatically tested in a proper manner, the pitting may not have occurred. Corrosion environments Nitric acid Sewage Solvents Storage tanks 304L UNS S30403 Pitting corrosion Biological corrosion...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
.... 8 Micrograph showing overlapping regions of dendrites. Etched in electrolytic nitric acid. 15×. Fig. 9 Micrograph showing niobium carbides in interdendritic spaces. Etched in electrolytic nitric acid. 1000×. Crack Origins/Paths Open cracks ran along the dendrites in some...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... a Iron content should not exceed the nickel content Fig. 3 Typical microstructure in bulk material containing mostly alpha phase ( a ) 100× and ( b ) 500×, etchant: 45 mL nitric acid and 45 mL acetic acid Fig. 4 Selectively attacked region near the surface contained dealloying...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001584
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... evidence. We also examined titanium nitric acid spargers after their removal from ammonium nitrate (AN) neutralizer service. Statements of fact, witnesses, photographs, and documents containing information on the plant operation and maintenance prior to the explosion, observations made after...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in the environment and is carried away or produces a loosely adherent, porous coating now greater in thickness. Because of the porosity in the oxidation (rust), this metal is still considered active or able to continue degrading. Coating specialists have been able to formulate a phosphoric-acid-based compound...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0091350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Corrosion of 5xxx Series Aluminum Alloys by Weight Loss after Exposure to Nitric Acid (NAWLT Test),” G 67, Wear and Erosion; Metal Corrosion , Vol 03.02 , Annual Book of ASTM Standards , American Society for Testing and Materials Selected Reference Selected Reference • Freeman S.R...
Book Chapter

By Michael Cooney, Richard Hoffman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... into a pitting mechanism if the microcells develop enough to produce acidic gradients within the micropits where the graphite nodules lie or are dislodged. Uniform corrosion occurring by the microelectrolytic or galvanic cell in the ductile cast iron is shown in Fig. 8 . Observe the initial stages of micropits...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Numerous cracks observed on the surface of a forged A470 Class 4 alloy steel steam turbine rotor disc from an air compressor in a nitric acid plant were found to be the result of caustic induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). No material defects or anomalies were observed in the disc...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... corrosion-resistant properties to a passive surface film. The naturally occurring passive film is usually enhanced with immersion in a hot nitric acid solution or steam. For example, stainless steel surgical implants develop this passive layer when the implants are sterilized in steam. The exact nature...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of salts in the corrosion deposit. In addition to ammonia, a number of environments can cause cracking, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, air contaminated with sulfur and nitrogen oxides, nitrates, phosphates, alkalis, chlorides, hydrogen fluoride, and nitric acid ( Ref 1...
Book Chapter

By W. R. Warke
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... ∼6 mm. (b) Enlarged view of the cracks; 10% oxalic acid electrolytic etch, picture width ∼1.5 mm. Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services Preconditions leading to SCC include a variety of materials conditions such as tensile residual stresses, work hardening, surface...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., stainless steel owes its corrosion-resistant properties to a passive surface film. The naturally occurring passive film is usually enhanced with immersion in a hot nitric acid solution or steam. For example, stainless steel surgical implants develop this passive layer when the implants are sterilized...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... steel) was sectioned to obtain samples for microstructural analysis, SEM fractographic analysis, and hardness tests. Samples for microstructural analysis were subjected to standard metallographic preparation: grinding (100– 600 meshes), diamond paste polishing (6–1 μm), and etching with a 30 mL nitric...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... (100–600 mesh), polishing (diamond paste: particles with 6, 3, and 1 lm grain size) and etching (solution with 10 ml acetic acid, 10 ml nitric acid, 15 ml hydrochloric acid, and 5 drops of glycerin for about 3 min). Samples of the same materials with fractured surfaces were analyzed in a SEM...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
...% nitric acid at 60 °C for 5 min in a water bath followed by gentle cleaning with trichloroethylene. These coupons were autoclaved at 121 °C at 15 psi for 15 min. The autoclaved coupons were immersed in calcium precipitating bacterial culture system described above over a period of 2–3 weeks...