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Martensite
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... martensite present in the weld area after the heat treatment. The test failures of the AISI 1080 steel wire butt-welded joints were due to martensite produced in cooling from the welding operation that was not tempered adequately in postweld heat treatment, and to poor wire-end preparation for welding...
Abstract
Extra high strength zinc-coated 1080 steel welded wire was wound into seven-wire cable strands for use in aerial cables and guy wires. The wires and cable strands failed tensile, elongation, and wrap tests, with wires fracturing near welds at 2.5 to 3.5% elongation and through the welded joints in wrap tests. The welded wire was annealed by resistance heating. The wire ends had a chisel shape, produced by the use of sidecutters. Tests of the heat treatment temperatures showed that the wire near the weld area exceeded 775 deg C (1425 deg F). Metallographic examination revealed martensite present in the weld area after the heat treatment. The test failures of the AISI 1080 steel wire butt-welded joints were due to martensite produced in cooling from the welding operation that was not tempered adequately in postweld heat treatment, and to poor wire-end preparation for welding that produced poorly formed weld burrs. The postweld heat treatment was standardized on the 760 deg C (1400 deg F) transformation treatment. The chisel shape of the wire ends was abandoned in favor of flat filed ends. The wrap test was improved by adopting a hand-cranked device. Under these conditions, the welded joints withstood the tensile and wrap tests.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... 347 stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld...
Abstract
Handles welded to the top cover plate of a chemical-plant downcomer broke at the welds when the handles were used to lift the cover. The handles were fabricated of low-carbon steel rod; the cover was of type 502 stainless steel plate. The attachment welds were made with type 347 stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld was the result of using too large a welding rod and too much heat input, melting of the low-carbon steel handle, which diluted the austenitic stainless steel filler metal and formed martensitic steel in the weld zone. Because it was impractical to preheat and postheat the type 502 stainless steel cover plate, the low-carbon steel handle was welded to low-carbon steel plate, using low-carbon steel electrodes. This plate was then welded to the type 502 stainless steel plate with type 310 stainless steel electrodes. This design produced a large weld section over which the load was distributed.
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in Failure Analysis of Cylinder Clamping Rods in Diesel Engines
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 8 Microstructure of the new cylinder clamping rod showing tempered martensite structure, 3000×
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in Cracked Eccentric Camshaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Cold deformation and grinding martensite at surface of cam lobe side. Etch: Nital. 200 ×
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in An Investigation of Shell and Detail Cracking in Railroad Rails
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Rail and Rolling Stock
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 13 Martensite layer on the shell fracture surface in rail 5.
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in Hydrogen Embrittlement of P-110 Couplings for Mating 180 mm (7 in.) Casing in Oilfield Production
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 8 Microstructure of “representative” P-110 tempered martensite. 324×
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Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 11 Higher-magnification view of untempered martensite shown in Fig. 10 . 2% nital etch. 315×.
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Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 12 Fine, tempered martensite observed in core. Compare with coarse, untempered martensite in Fig. 11 . 2% nital etch. 315×.
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Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 10 Microstructure near weld joint. Structure of martensite and retained austenite. 5% nital etch. 1000×.
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Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 11 Microstructure opposite weld joint. Structure is tempered martensite. 5% nital etch. 1000×.
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 45 Typical example of freshly formed martensite at the tip of a failed shear blade. The hardness was 59 to 60 HRC. Etched with 3% nital. Original magnification: 50×
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in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 82 Representative surface microstructure consisting of tempered martensite
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in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 118 Microstructure is tempered martensite
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in Failures of Cranes and Lifting Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 Micrographs of untempered martensite (white) along the exposed surface of the wires. Cracking (arrows in b) was observed in the more brittle untempered martensitic phase. Nital etch
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in Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 7 Inclusions and a pipelike cavity in tempered martensite of AISI E4340 steel. (a) Original magnification: 100×. (b) Original magnification: 600×. Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
.... The weld deposits were of type 347 stainless steel, and the flanges were type 304 stainless steel. Metallographic examination of the failed studs revealed that the HAZs contained regions of martensite and that intergranular cracks, which initiated at the stud surfaces during welding, propagated to complete...
Abstract
Several fractures occurred in flange studs used for remote handling of radioactive equipment. The studs, of quenched-and-tempered type 414 stainless steel, fractured in the HAZs produced in the studs during the circumferential welding that joined the studs to the flanges. The weld deposits were of type 347 stainless steel, and the flanges were type 304 stainless steel. Metallographic examination of the failed studs revealed that the HAZs contained regions of martensite and that intergranular cracks, which initiated at the stud surfaces during welding, propagated to complete separation under subsequent loading. The studs fractured under service loads as a result of intergranular crack propagation in the HAZ. Rapid heating and cooling during attachment welding produced a martensitic structure in the HAZ of the stud, which cracked circumferentially from the combination of thermal-gradient and phase-change stresses. Joining the studs to the flanges by welding should be discontinued. They should be attached by screw threads, using a key and keyway to prevent turning in service.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
...Abstract Abstract Repeated failures of high-pressure ball valves were reported in a chemical plant. The ball valves were made of AFNOR Z30C13 martensitic stainless steel. Initial examination of the valves showed that failure occurred in a weld at the ball/stem junction end of austenitic...
Abstract
Repeated failures of high-pressure ball valves were reported in a chemical plant. The ball valves were made of AFNOR Z30C13 martensitic stainless steel. Initial examination of the valves showed that failure occurred in a weld at the ball/stem junction end of austenitic stainless steel sleeves that had been welded to the valve stem at both ends. Metallographic examination showed that a crack had been introduced into the weld by improper weld heat treatment. Stress concentration at the weld location resulting from an abrupt change in cross section facilitated easy propagation of the crack during operation. Proper weld heat treatment was recommended, along with avoidance of abrupt change in cross section near the weld. Due penetrant testing at the ball stem junction before and after heat treatment was also suggested.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0047545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... internal reflectors, indicating the presence of slag inclusions and porosity. A low-carbon steel flux-cored filler metal was used in repair welding the crankshaft, without any preweld or postweld heating. This resulted in the formation of martensite in the HAZ. The repair weld failed by brittle fracture...
Abstract
The AISI 1080 steel crankshaft of a large-capacity double-action stamping press broke in service and was repair welded. Shortly after the crankshaft was returned to service, the repair weld fractured. The repair-weld fracture was examined ultrasonically which revealed many internal reflectors, indicating the presence of slag inclusions and porosity. A low-carbon steel flux-cored filler metal was used in repair welding the crankshaft, without any preweld or postweld heating. This resulted in the formation of martensite in the HAZ. The repair weld failed by brittle fracture, which was attributed to the combination of weld porosity, many slag inclusions and the formation of brittle martensite in the HAZ. A new repair weld was made using an E312 stainless steel electrode, which provides a weld deposit that contains considerable ferrite to prevent hot cracking. Before welding, the crankshaft was preheated to a temperature above which martensite would form. After completion, the weld was covered with an asbestos blanket, and heating was continued for 24 h. During the next 24 h, the temperature was slowly lowered. The result was a crack-free weld.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... in a hardened martensitic zone at the torch-cut surface and had extended up to the coarse pearlite structure beneath the martensitic zone. The fatigue fracture was concluded to have initiated in the brittle martensitic surface while failure was contributed by the 25% overload. As a corrective measure, the coil...
Abstract
A 10,890-kg coil hook torch cut from 1040 steel plate failed while lifting a load of 13,600 kg after eight years of service. The normal ironing (wear) marks were exhibited by the inner surface of the hook. It was revealed by visual examination that cracking had originated at the inside radius of the hook. Beach marks (typical of fatigue fracture) were found extending over approximately 20% of the fracture surface. Numerous cracks were revealed by macroscopic examination of the torch-cut surfaces. It was revealed by macrograph of an etched specimen that the cracks had initiated in a hardened martensitic zone at the torch-cut surface and had extended up to the coarse pearlite structure beneath the martensitic zone. The fatigue fracture was concluded to have initiated in the brittle martensitic surface while failure was contributed by the 25% overload. As a corrective measure, the coil hooks were flame cut from ASTM A242 fine-grain steel plate, ground to remove the material damaged by flame cutting and stress relieved at 620 deg C.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001646
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... of Z-profile wires on the outer rope layer were abrasion induced and accentuated by arrays of fine transverse cracks that developed on a surface martensite layer. Surface martensite Wire breakage Steel wire rope Abrasive wear Brittle fracture Steel wire ropes of different constructions...
Abstract
Locked coil wire ropes, by virtue of their unique design and construction, have specialized applications in aerial ropeways, mine hoist installations, suspension bridge cables, and so forth. In such specialty ropes, the outer layer is constructed of Z-profile wires that provide not only effective interlocking but also a continuous working surface for withstanding in-service wear. The compact construction and fill-factor of locked coil wire ropes make them relatively impervious to the ingress of moisture and render them less vulnerable to corrosion. However, such ropes are comparatively more rigid than conventional wire ropes with fiber cores and therefore are more susceptible to the adverse effects of bending stresses. The reasons for premature in-service wire rope failures are rather complex but frequently may be attributed to inappropriate wire quality and/or abusive operating environment. In either case, a systematic investigation to diagnose precisely the genesis of failure is desirable. This article provides a microstructural insight into the causes of wire breakages on the outer layer of a 40 mm diam locked coil wire rope during service. The study reveals that the breakages of Z-profile wires on the outer rope layer were abrasion induced and accentuated by arrays of fine transverse cracks that developed on a surface martensite layer.