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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld was the result...
Abstract
Handles welded to the top cover plate of a chemical-plant downcomer broke at the welds when the handles were used to lift the cover. The handles were fabricated of low-carbon steel rod; the cover was of type 502 stainless steel plate. The attachment welds were made with type 347 stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld was the result of using too large a welding rod and too much heat input, melting of the low-carbon steel handle, which diluted the austenitic stainless steel filler metal and formed martensitic steel in the weld zone. Because it was impractical to preheat and postheat the type 502 stainless steel cover plate, the low-carbon steel handle was welded to low-carbon steel plate, using low-carbon steel electrodes. This plate was then welded to the type 502 stainless steel plate with type 310 stainless steel electrodes. This design produced a large weld section over which the load was distributed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... martensite present in the weld area after the heat treatment. The test failures of the AISI 1080 steel wire butt-welded joints were due to martensite produced in cooling from the welding operation that was not tempered adequately in postweld heat treatment, and to poor wire-end preparation for welding...
Abstract
Extra high strength zinc-coated 1080 steel welded wire was wound into seven-wire cable strands for use in aerial cables and guy wires. The wires and cable strands failed tensile, elongation, and wrap tests, with wires fracturing near welds at 2.5 to 3.5% elongation and through the welded joints in wrap tests. The welded wire was annealed by resistance heating. The wire ends had a chisel shape, produced by the use of sidecutters. Tests of the heat treatment temperatures showed that the wire near the weld area exceeded 775 deg C (1425 deg F). Metallographic examination revealed martensite present in the weld area after the heat treatment. The test failures of the AISI 1080 steel wire butt-welded joints were due to martensite produced in cooling from the welding operation that was not tempered adequately in postweld heat treatment, and to poor wire-end preparation for welding that produced poorly formed weld burrs. The postweld heat treatment was standardized on the 760 deg C (1400 deg F) transformation treatment. The chisel shape of the wire ends was abandoned in favor of flat filed ends. The wrap test was improved by adopting a hand-cranked device. Under these conditions, the welded joints withstood the tensile and wrap tests.
Image
A typical example of freshly formed martensite at the tip of a failed shear...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 45 A typical example of freshly formed martensite at the tip of a failed shear blade. The hardness was 59 to 60 HRC. Etched with 3% nital. 50×
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Image
Cross-sectional view of a white layer of martensite produced by fretting of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 21 Cross-sectional view of a white layer of martensite produced by fretting of a carbon steel connecting rod. Axial stress, 0 to 380 MPa (0 to 55 ksi); contact stress, 40 MPa (6 ksi); fretting cycles, 10 5 . Sample was nital etched and viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Light micrograph showing epsilon martensite at the surface of a decarburize...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 27 Light micrograph showing epsilon martensite at the surface of a decarburized (less than 0.5% C) austenitic manganese steel specimen. Etched with 2% nital/20% sodium metabisulfite
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Inclusions and a pipelike cavity in tempered martensite of AISI E4340 steel...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Inclusions and a pipelike cavity in tempered martensite of AISI E4340 steel (Example 4). (a) 100×. (b) 600×. Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services
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Image
Crystal structures. (a) Austenite (fcc). (b) Ferrite (bcc). (c) Martensite ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Crystal structures. (a) Austenite (fcc). (b) Ferrite (bcc). (c) Martensite (bct)
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Image
Micrograph of AISI 8630 steel as quenched. The microstructure is martensite...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 46 Micrograph of AISI 8630 steel as quenched. The microstructure is martensite, where cracking initiated from a rolling seam. Source: Ref 27
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Image
Retained austenite (white) and martensite in the surfaces of carburized and...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 65 Retained austenite (white) and martensite in the surfaces of carburized and hardened nickel-chromium steel testpieces. (a) Approximately 40% retained austenite. (b) Approximately 15% retained austenite. Both 550×. Source: Ref 30
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Image
Representative micrograph of microstructure showing tempered martensite. 1%...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 7 Representative micrograph of microstructure showing tempered martensite. 1% nital. 1000×
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Representative tempered martensite microstructure of the pitch horn bolt. 2...
Available to Purchase
in Failed Main Rotor Pitch Horn Bolt from an Army Attack Helicopter
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 8 Representative tempered martensite microstructure of the pitch horn bolt. 245×
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in Failure Analysis of a Helicopter Main Rotor Bolt
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 4 Closeup view of a pore in a matrix of tempered martensite. 378×
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Image
Microstructure of load cell, showing tempered martensite containing carbide...
Available to Purchase
in Corrosion Fatigue Failure of Stainless Steel Load Cells in a Milk Storage Tank
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 8 Microstructure of load cell, showing tempered martensite containing carbides and/or ferrite. Etched with Kelling's reagent
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Image
Higher magnification view showing tempered martensite, sulfide stringer inc...
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in Brittle Failure of a Titanium Nitride-Coated High Speed Steel Hob
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 5 Higher magnification view showing tempered martensite, sulfide stringer inclusions and carbide networking. 315×.
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Image
White etching bands of untempered martensite that intersected the face and ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 2 White etching bands of untempered martensite that intersected the face and chamfer of the hammer in a zone away from the chipped area. A crack is present in one of the bands. 34.65×.
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Image
in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a High-Strength Steel Frame in a Fighter Aircraft
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 6 Crack initiation site, showing untempered martensite.
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Microstructure of the spindle, showing tempered martensite with some ferrit...
Available to Purchase
in Fatigue Failure of a Steering Spindle on a Tricycle Agricultural Field Chemical Applicator
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 9 Microstructure of the spindle, showing tempered martensite with some ferrite. Nital etch, 100×.
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Image
Representative microstructures (quenched and tempered martensite) of the ca...
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in Fatigue Failure of Six Cap Screws From a Hydraulic Coupling
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 7 Representative microstructures (quenched and tempered martensite) of the cap screws. Nital etch. (a) 126×. (b) 504×.
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Microstructure of the tie rod. Tempered martensite with spheroidized carbid...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1992
Fig. 2 Microstructure of the tie rod. Tempered martensite with spheroidized carbide. 250×.
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in Hydrogen Embrittlement of P-110 Couplings for Mating 180 mm (7 in.) Casing in Oilfield Production
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 8 Microstructure of “representative” P-110 tempered martensite. 324×
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