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Lubricants
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 The friction of sliding bearing pairs for three different lubricants.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Viscosities of several lubricants for ball and roller bearings, as related to operating speed and temperature. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 The friction of sliding bearing pairs for different lubricants. EP, extreme pressure
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001605
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
Abstract
After a quick-release fitting of an ejection seat broke, an investigation was performed to determine the manner and cause of crack propagation. Most fractography-based investigations aim to characterize only qualitative characteristics, such as the fracture orientation and origin position, topology, and details of interactions with microstructural features. The aim of this investigation was to use quantitative fractography as a tool to extract information, including striation spacing and size of the stretched zone, in order to make a direct correlation with fracture mechanic concepts. As the crack propagated, striations were created on the fracture surface as a result of service-induced load changes. The size of the striations were measured to estimate crack propagation rate. Remaining lifetime estimates were also made. The dimensions of plastically stretched zones found at the tips of the cracks were evaluated using electron micrograph stereo image pairs to characterize local fracture toughness. To complete the failure analysis, nondestructive evaluation, metallographic examination, and chemical investigations were carried out. No secondary cracks could be found. Most of the broken parts showed that the microstructure, the hardness, and the chemical composition of the Al-alloy were within the specification, but some of the cracked parts were manufactured using a different material than that specified.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0089633
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... 100x magnification) supported the conclusion that the crack initiated at the inner edge of a lubrication hole and had propagated toward both the threaded and flange ends of the casting. An appreciable residual-stress concentration must have been present and caused propagation of the crack. The residual...
Abstract
A stuffing box (sand cast from ASTM A 536, grade 60-45-10, ductile iron) began leaking water after two weeks of service. The machine was operating at 326 rpm with a discharge water pressure of 21.4 MPa (3100 psi). Investigation (visual inspection, mechanical analysis, and nital etched 100x magnification) supported the conclusion that the crack initiated at the inner edge of a lubrication hole and had propagated toward both the threaded and flange ends of the casting. An appreciable residual-stress concentration must have been present and caused propagation of the crack. The residual stress might have been caused when a fitting was tightly screwed into the lubrication hole, and it might have been concentrated by notches at the inner end of the hole created when the drill broke through the sidewall to the stuffing box.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Typical RCM decision logic diagram. S, servicing; L, lubrication; OC, on-condition; HT, hard-time (comprises scheduled restoration and scheduled discard); FF, failure-finding; PM, preventive maintenance. Note: S, L, and HT are aviation-unique terms and are not standard RCM terms.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Wear surface by cavitation of copper-base alloy in a lubricated gearbox. Courtesy of CETIM
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Pitting and surface microcracks on the tooth flank of an oil-lubricated nylon driving gear. 37×. Source: Ref 53
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 (a) Indicative trends in influence of reinforcement and solid lubrication on friction and wear of high-temperature polymers. P = 1 MPa; V = 1 m/s. PEN, polyethernitrile; PEEK, polyetheretherketone; PEEKK, polyetheretherketoneketone; gr, graphite; TF, Teflon. 1, neat polymers; 2
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Schematic of the transition from inadequate (boundary) lubrication at start-up to hydrodynamic lubrication at full speed. (a) Steady load at start-up. (b) Steady load at full speed
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Examples of adhesive-type wear caused by inadequate lubrication. (a) Metal pickup on a roller outside diameter from sliding contact on the cage shown in (b). Approximately actual size. (c) The end of the same roller showing the scoring damage from the rolling-sliding contact
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Microspalling (peeling) on a tapered-roller bearing caused by a thin lubricant film compared to the composite surface roughness. (a) Cup showing fatigue on the peaks of surface texture. (b) Cone showing fatigue on the peaks of surface texture. (c) Roller with a general spalled area
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Examples of mild and severe wear morphology. (a) A lubricated sliding wear scar on steel in the mild wear regime. (b) The appearance of the same type of scar in the severe wear regime
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Results of lubricated compound impact wear experiments ( Ref 29 ). ( V is impact velocity and v = sliding velocity; ×: v = 0 m/s; •: v = 0.25 m/s; □: v = 1.27 m/s; ▲: v = 3.81 m/s)
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 15 Results of lubricated compound-impact wear experiments. V = impact velocity and v = sliding velocity; x: v = 0 m/s (0 ft/s); ●: = 0.25 m/s (0.8 ft/s); □ : v = 1.27 m/s (4.2 ft/s); ▴: v = 3.81 m/s (12.5 ft/s). Source: Ref 4
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 9 Schematic of the influence of lubrication regime on rolling-sliding wear. Adapted from Ref 5
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in Failure of a Nylon Driving Gear
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Pitting and surface microcracks on the tooth flank of an oil-lubricated nylon driving gear. 37×. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Schematic of the transition from (a) inadequate (boundary) lubrication at startup to (b) hydrodynamic lubrication at full speed, h is minimum separation
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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 36 Heavy smearing and scratches on axial ribs due to poor lubrication under high axial loads in a roller bearing. (a) Heavy abrasive wear on cylindrical roller board, same working conditions. (b) Seizure of axial rib under the same working conditions. (c) Note that current practice
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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 69 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication and the influence of film thickness on the damaging mechanism of the contact areas. Source: Ref 50
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