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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... (fracturing) Forgings Laps Pressure vessels Seams Alloy steel Metalworking-related failures Certain forged pressure vessels are subjected to autofrettage during their manufacture to induce residual compressive stresses at locations where fatigue cracks may initiate. The results of the autofrettage...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Alloy steel forgings used as structural members of a ski chair lift grip mechanism were identified to have contained forging laps (i.e., sharp-notched discontinuities) during an annual magnetic particle inspection of all chair lift grip structural members at a mountain resort...
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Cracking from laps and folds on bore of rivet holes. (×400). More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Cracking from laps and folds on bore of rivet holes. (×400). More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... for testing. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x nital-etched micrograph, fluorescent magnetic-particle testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the rod failed in fatigue with the origin along the lap and located approximately 4.7 mm below the forged surface. The presence of oxides...
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Micrograph of a forging lap. Note the included oxide material in the lap. 20× More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 10 Micrograph of a forging lap. Note the included oxide material in the lap. Original magnification: 20× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 37 Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledge-hammer head. (a) Cracks on the striking face soon after the hammer was first used. (b) A hot alkaline chromate etch revealed oxygen enrichment (white region) adjacent to the crack. 65× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Forging lap on ski lift fixed jaw More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Microstructure of forging lap in another ski lift grip component. As-polished. 111× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Broken-open lap. 6× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Micrograph of lap. As polished. 58× More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 21 Lap formation in a rib-web forging caused by improper radius in the preform die More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 49 Micrograph of AISI 1045 as-forged steel illustrating a forging lap. 27×; 2% nital etch. Source: Ref 27 More
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 4 Effects of diemismatch during forging, which can produce a fold or lap during trimming. The force of the punch moving down causes the material to flow to the empty portion of the die; at the same time, material flows into the area from the trim line. More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Lap seam weld with oxides and areas of incomplete fusion, indicated by arrows, along the characteristic angled bond line More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 37 Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledgehammer head. (a) Cracks on the striking face soon after the hammer was first used. (b) A hot alkaline chromate etch revealed oxygen enrichment (white region) adjacent to the crack. Original magnification: 65× More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 11 Lap formation in a rib-web forging caused by improper radius in the preform die More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 26 Fatigue failure of fasteners in single-lap shear carbon-graphite composite joints. (a) Fastener pullout resulting from a static tensile load. (b) Fatigue failure of fasteners initiated by cocking of the fasteners. Original magnification for both: 1⅓× More
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 13 Nozzle/plate lap weld to two center shell segment rings D and E More