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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... (fracturing) Forgings Laps Pressure vessels Seams Alloy steel Metalworking-related failures Certain forged pressure vessels are subjected to autofrettage during their manufacture to induce residual compressive stresses at locations where fatigue cracks may initiate. The results of the autofrettage...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Alloy steel forgings used as structural members of a ski chair lift grip mechanism were identified to have contained forging laps (i.e., sharp-notched discontinuities) during an annual magnetic particle inspection of all chair lift grip structural members at a mountain resort...
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Cracking from laps and folds on bore of rivet holes. (×400). More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Cracking from laps and folds on bore of rivet holes. (×400). More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... for testing. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x nital-etched micrograph, fluorescent magnetic-particle testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the rod failed in fatigue with the origin along the lap and located approximately 4.7 mm below the forged surface. The presence of oxides...
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 10 Micrograph of a forging lap. Note the included oxide material in the lap. Original magnification: 20× More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Section Through Defect Also Revealing Lap Weld. (×1 1 4 ). More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Forging lap on ski lift fixed jaw More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Microstructure of forging lap in another ski lift grip component. As-polished. 111x More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Broken-open lap. 6x More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Micrograph of lap. As polished. 58x More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Blacklight macrograph showing typical lap defect within the bail region of a handling lug (3× magnification) More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 11 Lap formation in a rib-web forging caused by improper radius in the preform die More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 26 Fatigue failure of fasteners in single-lap shear carbon-graphite composite joints. (a) Fastener pullout resulting from a static tensile load. (b) Fatigue failure of fasteners initiated by cocking of the fasteners. Original magnification for both: 1⅓× More
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 4 Effects of diemismatch during forging, which can produce a fold or lap during trimming. The force of the punch moving down causes the material to flow to the empty portion of the die; at the same time, material flows into the area from the trim line. More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Lap seam weld with oxides and areas of incomplete fusion, indicated by arrows, along the characteristic angled bond line More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 37 Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledgehammer head. (a) Cracks on the striking face soon after the hammer was first used. (b) A hot alkaline chromate etch revealed oxygen enrichment (white region) adjacent to the crack. Original magnification: 65× More
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 13 Nozzle/plate lap weld to two center shell segment rings D and E More
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-working and hot-working applications. It reviews problems introduced during mechanical design, materials selection, machining, heat treating, finish grinding, and tool and die operation. The brittle fracture of rehardened high-speed steels is also considered. Finally, failures due to seams or laps...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001425
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... taken place either at a weld in the pipe or at a discontinuity in the material. Microscopic examination through the joints at the ends of the rupture confirmed that the pipe had been made from strip and the edges lap-welded. The second case concerned an 8 in. diam pipe in which a longitudinal defect...