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High temperature
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0047343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract An experimental high-temperature rotary valve was found stuck due to growth and distortion after approximately 100 h. Gas temperatures were suspected to have been high due to overfueled conditions. Both the rotor and housing in which it was stuck were annealed ferritic ductile iron...
Abstract
An experimental high-temperature rotary valve was found stuck due to growth and distortion after approximately 100 h. Gas temperatures were suspected to have been high due to overfueled conditions. Both the rotor and housing in which it was stuck were annealed ferritic ductile iron similar to ASTM A395. Visual examination of the rotor revealed unusually heavy oxidation and thermal fatigue cracking along the edge of the gas passage. Material properties, including microstructure, composition, and hardness, of both the rotor and housing were evaluated to determine the cause of failure. The microstructure of the rotor was examined in three regions. The shaft material, the heavy section next to the gas passage and the thin edge of the rotor adjacent to the gas passage. The excessive gas temperatures were responsible for the expansion and distortion that prevented rotation of the rotor. Actual operating temperatures exceeded those intended for this application. The presence of transformation products in the brake-rotor edge indicated that the lower critical temperature had been exceeded during operation.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract High temperature corrosion may occur in numerous environments and is affected by factors such as temperature, alloy or protective coating composition, time, and gas composition. This article explains a number of potential degradation processes, namely, oxidation, carburization...
Abstract
High temperature corrosion may occur in numerous environments and is affected by factors such as temperature, alloy or protective coating composition, time, and gas composition. This article explains a number of potential degradation processes, namely, oxidation, carburization and metal dusting, sulfidation, hot corrosion, chloridation, hydrogen interactions, molten metals, molten salts, and aging reactions including sensitization, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with a discussion on various protective coatings, such as aluminide coatings, overlay coatings, thermal barrier coatings, and ceramic coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract High-temperature corrosion can occur in numerous environments and is affected by various parameters such as temperature, alloy and protective coating compositions, stress, time, and gas composition. This article discusses the primary mechanisms of high-temperature corrosion, namely...
Abstract
High-temperature corrosion can occur in numerous environments and is affected by various parameters such as temperature, alloy and protective coating compositions, stress, time, and gas composition. This article discusses the primary mechanisms of high-temperature corrosion, namely oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube failures, molten salts for energy storage, and degradation and failures in gas turbines. The article describes the effects of environment on aero gas turbine engines and provides an overview of aging, diffusion, and interdiffusion phenomena. It also discusses the processes involved in high-temperature coatings that improve performance of superalloy.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... pressures of the gases within the duct, combined with the high temperatures, facilitated nitrogen pickup. No recommendations were made. Intergranular precipitation Oxidation Spalling Inconel 317 UNS N06617 High-temperature corrosion and oxidation The presence of carbides and carbonitrides...
Abstract
A transition duct was part of a 100-MW power-generation gas turbine. The duct was fabricated from several panels of a modified nickel alloy, IN-617. After six years of operation, two such ducts failed during the next two years, causing outages. Failure was in the form of a total collapse of the duct. Carbides and carbonitrides were found in all of the transitions examined. Investigation supported the conclusion that failure was caused by oxidation, oxide penetration, and oxide spallation which caused thinning of the duct wall. It was felt that the high oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures of the gases within the duct, combined with the high temperatures, facilitated nitrogen pickup. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... stress relaxation cracking of a large diameter Incoloy 825 tube, stress rupture of a 4.65 in. thick chromium steel shell wall, and the oxidation of chromium steel exposed to hot syngas. The gasifier process and operating conditions that contributed to the high-temperature degradation were also analyzed...
Abstract
A pressure vessel failed causing an external fire on a nine-story coke gasifier in a refinery power plant. An investigation revealed that the failure began as cracking in the gasifier internals, which led to bulging and stress rupture of the vessel shell, and the escape of hot syngas, setting off the fire. The failure mechanisms include stress relaxation cracking of a large diameter Incoloy 825 tube, stress rupture of a 4.65 in. thick chromium steel shell wall, and the oxidation of chromium steel exposed to hot syngas. The gasifier process and operating conditions that contributed to the high-temperature degradation were also analyzed and are discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... in petrochemical plants to produce hydrogen via a high-temperature reaction between steam and hydrocarbon gases in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction occurs inside heat-resistant, spun-cast tubes. These are high-chromium and nickel alloy tubes that are welded to the headers and pigtails that connect...
Abstract
The curved parts of exit pigtails made of wrought Incoloy 800H tubing used in steam reforming furnaces failed by performance after a period of service shorter than that predicted by the designers. Examination of a set of tubes consisting of both curved (perforated) and straight parts revealed that the cracks initiated at the outer surface by a combined mechanism of creep and intergranular embrittlement. A smaller grain size resulting from cold bending fabrication procedures for the curved parts was responsible for accelerating the embrittlement. It was recommended that hot bending be used for fabrication of the curved parts. A change of alloy to a low-alloy chromium-molybdenum allay to protect against heat was also suggested.
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in High-Temperature Degradation of a Gas Turbine Transition Duct
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 High-temperature degradation of a gas turbine transition duct. (a) Carbide, carbonitride precipitates, and oxide pentration along grain boundary. (b) Creep cracking along grain-boundary precipitates (arrows) on IN-617 panel. Creep cavities along grain boundaries link up and lead
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in Corrosion Failures in Gas Turbine Hot Components
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
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in Stress-Rupture Characterization in Nickel-Based Superalloy Gas Turbine Engine Components
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 15 Effect of high- temperature exposure resulting in partial resolutioning of the gamma prime γ ′ precipitates in a SX blade casting. Rafting (coalescence and elongation of the γ ′ ) occurs perpendicular to the primary stress direction. Cuboidal precipitates (darker phase
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in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 13 Representative micrograph showing high-temperature hydrogen attack damage in the form of intergranular fissuring and decarburzation in carbon steel. Original magnification: 500×. Etched with 2% nital solution
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 52 Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated carbon steel in hydrogen service. (a) Etched with 2% nital solution to show weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). (b) As-polished to show fissures, including an almost through-wall crack on the HAZ on the left. Source
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 98 Operating limits for steels in hydrogen service to avoid high-temperature hydrogen attack. PWHT, postweld heat treatment. Source: Ref 44
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in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 16 Microstructural evolution during high-temperature creep damage. (a) Initial ferrite plus pearlite. (b) In situ spheroidized carbide. (c) Grain-boundary carbides. (d) Creep voids. Original magnification: 200×
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in Metallurgical Failure Analysis of a Propane Tank Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 12 Ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of various steels at high temperatures (high-strain-rate UTS at temperature as percentage of high-strain-rate UTS at room temperature). (Adapted from Ref 14)
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Quenching from too high a temperature cracked this manganese oil-hardening steel die ( Fig. 4 pictures its microstructure). Some of the cracks which are exaggerated by magnetic powder probably are secondary and developed because the structure is particularly sensitive to grinding.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001340
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... modifications on tube wall temperatures. Boiler tubes, mechanical properties Cracking (fracturing) High temperature Carbon steel Thermal fatigue fracture Background Two identical “D” tube package boilers experienced premature tube failures after short operating times. The tubes were joined...
Abstract
Two identical “D” tube package boilers, installed at separate plants, experienced a number of tube ruptures after relatively short operating times. The tubes, which are joined by membranes, experienced localized bulging and circumferential cracking along the fireside crown as a result of overheating and thermal fatigue. It was recommended that recent alterations to the steam-drum baffling be remodified to improve circulation in the boiler and prevent further overheating. Several thermocouples were attached to tubes in problem areas of the boiler to monitor the effects of the steam-drum modifications on tube wall temperatures.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Fig. 1 Schematic of the gas turbine [ 13 ] Fig. 2 Regimes of high-temperature attack; temperatures are approximate [ 1 ] Fig. 3 Macrograph showing the bucket from the first stage in as-received condition Fig. 4 Macrograph showing the hot corrosion cavities found...
Abstract
Gas turbines and other types of combustion turbomachinery are susceptible to hot corrosion at elevated temperatures. Two such cases resulting in the failure of a gas turbine component were investigated to learn more about the hot corrosion process and the underlying failure mechanisms. Each component was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, mechanical testing, and nondestructive techniques. The results of the investigation provide insights on the influence of temperature, composition, and microstructure and the contributing effects of high-temperature oxidation on the hot corrosion process. Preventative measures are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c0046956
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... Abstract A brazing-furnace muffle 34 cm (13 in.) wide, 26 cm (10 in.) high, and 198 cm (78 in.) long, was fabricated from nickel-base high-temperature alloy sheet and installed in a gas-fired furnace used for copper brazing of various assemblies. The operating temperature of the muffle...
Abstract
A brazing-furnace muffle 34 cm (13 in.) wide, 26 cm (10 in.) high, and 198 cm (78 in.) long, was fabricated from nickel-base high-temperature alloy sheet and installed in a gas-fired furnace used for copper brazing of various assemblies. The operating temperature of the muffle was reported to have been closely controlled at the normal temperature of 1175 deg C (2150 deg F); a hydrogen atmosphere was used during brazing. After about five months of continuous operation, four or five holes developed on the floor of the muffle, and the muffle was removed from service. Analysis (visual inspection, x-ray spectrometry, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the muffle failed by localized overheating in some areas to temperatures exceeding 1260 deg C (2300 deg F). The copper found near the holes had dripped to the floor from assemblies during brazing. The copper diffused into the nickel-base alloy and formed a grain-boundary phase that was molten at the operating temperature. The presence of this phase caused localized liquefaction and weakened the alloy sufficiently to allow formation of the holes. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001688
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract Some examples of equipment failures involving high temperature operation are presented. They include some steam generator superheater components and a pump shaft that should not have been at high temperature. Metallographic analysis is used to determine the causes of failure in each...
Abstract
Some examples of equipment failures involving high temperature operation are presented. They include some steam generator superheater components and a pump shaft that should not have been at high temperature. Metallographic analysis is used to determine the causes of failure in each case.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and discusses the Monkman-Grant relationship and multiaxiality. The article further provides information on high-temperature metallurgical changes and high-temperature hydrogen attack and the steps involved in the remaining-life prediction of high-temperature components. It presents case studies on heater tube...
Abstract
This article provides some new developments in elevated-temperature and life assessments. It is aimed at providing an overview of the damage mechanisms of concern, with a focus on creep, and the methodologies for design and in-service assessment of components operating at elevated temperatures. The article describes the stages of the creep curve, discusses processes involved in the extrapolation of creep data, and summarizes notable creep constitutive models and continuum damage mechanics models. It demonstrates the effects of stress relaxation and redistribution on the remaining life and discusses the Monkman-Grant relationship and multiaxiality. The article further provides information on high-temperature metallurgical changes and high-temperature hydrogen attack and the steps involved in the remaining-life prediction of high-temperature components. It presents case studies on heater tube creep testing and remaining-life assessment, and pressure vessel time-dependent stress analysis showing the effect of stress relaxation at hot spots.