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Helical springs
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract During testing of compressors under start/stop conditions, several helical suspension springs failed. The ensuing failure investigation showed that the springs failed due to fatigue. The analysis showed that during start/stop testing the springs would undergo both a lateral and axial...
Abstract
During testing of compressors under start/stop conditions, several helical suspension springs failed. The ensuing failure investigation showed that the springs failed due to fatigue. The analysis showed that during start/stop testing the springs would undergo both a lateral and axial deflection, greatly increasing the torsional stresses on the spring. To understand the fatigue limits under these test conditions, a bench test was used to establish the fatigue strength of the springs. The bench tests showed that the failed springs had an unacceptable surface texture that reduced the fatigue life. Based on an understanding of the compressor motion, a Monte Carlo model was developed based on a linear damage theory to predict the fatigue life of the springs during start/stop conditions. The results of this model were compared to actual test data. The model showed that the design was marginal even for springs with acceptable surface texture. The model was then used to predict the fatigue life requirements on the bench test such that the reliability goals for the start/stop testing would be met, thus reducing the risk in qualifying the compressor.
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 10 Modified Goodman Diagram for 1.5 mm music wire helical springs at 10 7 , 10 5 , and 10 4 cycles. All the stresses were corrected by the Wahl factor. The values at R=0 were obtained from Ref 10 . The data points 373 and 231 represent the fatigue loading for 9 mm and 5 mm displacement
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 15 Typical Ring-down pattern for helical springs following the compressor stopping. Distributions were determined for each of the first seven oscillations in both directions by recording six events. The table shows the mean values of the distributions.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract To samples of helical compression springs were returned to the manufacturer after failing in service well short of the component design life. Spring design specifications required conformance to SAE J157, “Oil Tempered Chromium Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and Springs.” Each spring...
Abstract
To samples of helical compression springs were returned to the manufacturer after failing in service well short of the component design life. Spring design specifications required conformance to SAE J157, “Oil Tempered Chromium Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and Springs.” Each spring was installed in a separate heavy truck engine in an application in which spring failure can cause total engine destruction. The springs were composed of chromium-silicon steel, with a hardness ranging from 50 to 54 HRC. Chemical composition and hardness were substantially within specification. Failure initiated from the spring inside coil surface. Examination of the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy showed no evidence of fatigue. Final fracture occurred in torsion. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed high inner-diameter residual stresses, indicating inadequate stress relief from spring winding. It was concluded that failure initiation was caused by residual stress-driven stress-corrosion cracking, and it was recommended that the vendor provide more effective stress relief.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001220
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract A helical compression spring with ten turns made of 1.8 mm thick wire which was under high pressure during tension applied to a rocker arm broke on the test stand in the third turn. The fracture was a torsion fracture that initiated in the highly loaded inner fiber and showed in its...
Abstract
A helical compression spring with ten turns made of 1.8 mm thick wire which was under high pressure during tension applied to a rocker arm broke on the test stand in the third turn. The fracture was a torsion fracture that initiated in the highly loaded inner fiber and showed in its origin the characteristics of a fatigue fracture. A longitudinal fold was located at the fracture crack breakthrough which could still be observed at the fourth and fifth turns, where a further incipient crack originated. A metallographic section was made directly next to the fracture path and the fold was cut. It showed decarburized edges in the outer slanted part and this most likely occurred during rolling. The inner radially proceeding part, however, was probably a fatigue fracture originating in the fold. The fracture of this highly stressed spring was therefore accelerated by a rolling defect. In order to decrease the stress, the construction has meantime been modified.
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in Fatigue Failure Caused by Weld Spatter
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Helical spring that failed by fatigue. Weld spatter (arrows) was believed to have caused the failure (see text). Arrow FO indicates fracture origin. 29x
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic of axially loaded helical spring. (b) Free body diagram showing that the wire is subject to a direct shear and a torsional shear 6
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Torsional fatigue failure of boron-containing alloy steel helical spring. Fatigue initiated at an abraded area marked by arrows. The material in compression coil springs is subjected to unidirectional torsion, so fatigue propagates on a single helical surface. Source: Ref 4
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 30 August 2021
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Published: 30 August 2021
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract The conical helical spring sealed, within each switch enclosure, fractured to lead to the failure of several electrical toggle switches. The spring was fabricated from 0.43 mm diam AISI type 302 stainless steel wires. Appreciable amount of scale was observed on the fracture surface...
Abstract
The conical helical spring sealed, within each switch enclosure, fractured to lead to the failure of several electrical toggle switches. The spring was fabricated from 0.43 mm diam AISI type 302 stainless steel wires. Appreciable amount of scale was observed on the fracture surface and tool marks were revealed on the inner surface of the broken spring. A typical fatigue fracture that originated at a tool mark on the wire surface was revealed by inspection of a fracture surface of the broken springs. Regions which displayed beach marks around the fracture origin and parallel striations within the beach-mark regions were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. As a corrective measure, the spring-winding operation was altered to eliminate the tool marks.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract A medium-carbon helical spring was installed in a machine assembly that was welded into its final location. Weld spatter was not prevented from landing on the wire surface by any shield. An elongated drop and two tiny droplets of metal were observed a short distance from the fracture...
Abstract
A medium-carbon helical spring was installed in a machine assembly that was welded into its final location. Weld spatter was not prevented from landing on the wire surface by any shield. An elongated drop and two tiny droplets of metal were observed a short distance from the fracture. No droplets were revealed at the origin of the fracture, but it was assumed that a drop of molten metal landed at the origin. Adherence of the spatter drop was expected to have been affected by the opening and closing of the fatigue crack. Weld spatter bead was concluded to have caused the fatigue fracture.
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Ratio of lateral to axial stiffness for helical compression springs as a function of the ratio of working height to mean coil diameter and the ratio of static deflection to working height 9
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 14 Process block diagram for fatigue model used to simulate the fatigue behavior of the helical springs in compressors during start/stop testing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... that are higher than expected. Note that the stresses a given spring can withstand are greatly affected by the operating environment. For example, helical springs made of 6150 steel provided failure-free service in fuel-injection pumps when the fuel oil being pumped was a normal low-sulfur grade. However, several...
Abstract
Mechanical springs are used in mechanical components to exert force, provide flexibility, and absorb or store energy. This article provides an overview of the operating conditions of mechanical springs. Common failure mechanisms and processes involved in the examination of spring failures are also discussed. In addition, the article discusses common causes of failures and presents examples of specific spring failures, describes fatigue failures that resulted from these types of material defects, and demonstrates how improper fabrication can result in premature fatigue failure. It also covers failures of shape memory alloy springs and failures caused by corrosion and operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048158
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... contaminants. Contaminants Helical springs Turbines Inconel X-750 UNS N07750 Intergranular fracture Stress-corrosion cracking Springs such as that shown in Fig. 1(a) were used for tightening the interstage packing ring in a high-pressure turbine. After approximately seven years of operation...
Abstract
Several of the springs, made of 1.1 mm diam Inconel X-750 wire and used for tightening the interstage packing ring in a high-pressure turbine, were found broken after approximately seven years of operation. Intergranular cracks about 1.3 mm in depth and oriented at an angle of 45 deg to the axis of the wire were revealed by metallographic examination. A light-gray phase, which had the appearance of liquid-metal corrosion, was observed to have penetrated the grains on the fracture surfaces. The spring wires were found to fracture in a brittle manner characteristic of fracture from torsional loading (along a plane 45 deg to the wire axis). Liquid-metal embrittlement was expected to have been caused by metals (Sn, Zn, Pb) which melt much below maximum service temperature of the turbine. The springs were concluded to have fractured by intergranular stress-corrosion cracking promoted by the action of liquid zinc and tin in combination with static and torsional stresses on the spring wire. As a corrective measure, Na, Sn, and Zn which were present in pigmented oil used as a lubricant during spring winding was cleaned thoroughly by the spring manufacturer before shipment to remove all contaminants.
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in Failure Analysis of Helical Suspension Springs under Compressor Start/Stop Conditions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Photograph of helical compressor spring failure that occurred three active turns from the bottom. The failure origin was on the inside diameter of the spring.
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 24 Photograph of helical compressor spring failure that occurred three active turns from the bottom. The failure origin was on the inside diameter of the spring
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... are generally caused by operation of springs at stresses that are higher than expected. It must be kept in mind, however, that the stresses a given spring can withstand are greatly affected by the operating environment. For example, helical springs made of 6150 steel provided failure-free service in fuel...
Abstract
This article discusses the common causes of failures of springs, with illustrations. Design deficiencies, material defects, processing errors or deficiencies, and unusual operating conditions are the common causes of spring failures. In most cases, these causes result in failure by fatigue. The article describes the operating conditions of springs, common failure mechanisms, and presents an examination of the failures that occur in springs.