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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Surface of the heating coil. Cracks shown up by the colour penetration process. 0.5 × More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... during operation. The propensity to crack initiation and failure was accentuated by improper cleaning of the surfaces prior to welding and to inadequate nugget-to-sheet edge distance. Heat penetration Nugget-to-edge distance Resistance spot welding Weld strength Welded steel Joining-related...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0046022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... that the presence of chromic acid stain on the fracture surface proved that the forging had cracked before anodizing. This suggest that the crack initiated during straightening, either after machining or after heat treatment. The structure and composition of the alloy appear to have been acceptable. Ductility...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... Abstract The conveyor chain link failed by fracturing through a fabrication weld after some time in service. The link was made of cast low-alloy steel heat treated to a hardness of 285 HRB. The fabrication weld was made using E7018 electrodes. The fracture surfaces were almost entirely covered...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., and it is not to be expected that heating to this extent would be visualised when the method of attachment was decided upon, as it is so far outside the range of normal service conditions. There is, however, always the possibility that solder penetration may occur even if only to a limited extent during the soldering...
Book Chapter

By George F. Vander Voort
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... and lead with a minor amount of tin. These elements are the major constituents of the bronze friction bearing. The copper-penetration failure occurred in the following sequence: The bearing surface was heated by friction because of loss of lubrication The babbitt metal lining melts between about...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract Linear indications on the outer surface of a cross in a piping system were revealed by dye-penetrant examination. The cross was specified to be SA403 type WP 304 stainless steel. The cross had been subjected to induction-heating stress improvement. The linear indications on the cross...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047756
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., producing a grain-boundary network of braze metal in the tube and the resultant embrittlement that rendered the penetrated region vulnerable to fatigue cracking. Fatigue stresses acting in combination with additional heating and possible overtempering of the tube during torch debrazing and subsequent...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047636
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... the welding heat. Additional support for the oil line was installed to reduce vibration and minimize fatigue of the elbow. Gas tungsten arc welding Overaging Penetration Pipe bends Repair welding 6061-T6 UNS A96061 Fatigue fracture Joining-related failures Several elbow subassemblies...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... plastically deformed while two of the deformed leafs did not meet minimal hardness or tensile requirements. Liquid penetrant testing revealed no cracks or other surface discontinuities on the leaf springs. Material sectioned from the soft spring leafs was heat-treated according to specifications...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... Abstract A falling film black liquor evaporator consisted of flat twin plate heat exchangers and was used to increase black liquor solids content prior to its burning in the recovery boiler. Several plate heat exchangers were fabricated of AISI type 316L stainless steel by electric resistance...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of the crack during operation. Proper weld heat treatment was recommended, along with avoidance of abrupt change in cross section near the weld. Due penetrant testing at the ball stem junction before and after heat treatment was also suggested. Austenitic stainless steels Chemical processing equipment...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... the conclusion that the failure was caused by SCC due to stress, sensitization, and environment. Recommendations included replacing all pipe sections and installing them using low-heat-input, multiple-pass welding procedures. Heat affected zone Integranular fracture Piping 304 UNS S30400 Joining...
Book Chapter

By W.T. Becker
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... because the system was thermally cycled some 1200 to 2400 times before cracking penetrated the wall and caused a sharp temperature rise due to combustion of the heat exchanger fluid. How Failure Could Have Been Prevented Flow conditions inside the tube were inadequate to prevent a dry wall...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract The horizontal heat-exchanger tubes made of copper alloy C70600, in one of two hydraulic-oil coolers in an electric power plant, leaked after 18 months of service. River water was used as the coolant in the heat-exchanger tubes. Several nodules on the inner surface and holes through...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0047586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... typical of exposure to air when very hot. Several additional subsurface cracks, typical of hot tears, were observed in and near the weld. There had been too much local heat input in making the repair weld. The result was localized thermal contraction and hot tearing. The cracking of the repair weld...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... of a low-carbon steel in which the zone heated during welding was delineated only slightly next to the seam, the other pipe was etched much darker, i.e., higher in carbon, and the heated zone appeared to stand out darkly against the basic material. The overlapping weld was defect-free and dense...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... by erosion were noticeable. This was a typical case of crevice corrosion. The rolled joint evidently was not entirely tight, so that saturated steam condensate could penetrate into the gap. Heat exchangers Oil burners Pipe Fe-0.15C Pitting corrosion Erosion - corrosion Crevice corrosion...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0091617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract A 680,000 kg (750 ton) per day ammonia unit was shut down following a fire near the outlet of the waste heat exchanger. The fire had resulted from leakage of ammonia from the type 316 stainless steel outlet piping. The outlet piping immediately downstream from the waste heat exchanger...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047632
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., this included heating of the boss, which constituted a massive heat sink. The port fitting was then welded in place. Final full heat treatment to the T62 temper was followed by machining, pressure testing, and radiographic and liquid-penetrant inspection. Fig. 1 Aluminum alloy air bottle that failed...