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David O. Leeser
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D.K. Bhattacharya, J.B. Ghanamoorthy, Baldev Raj
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Handles welded to the top cover plate of a chemical-plant downcomer broke at the welds when the handles were used to lift the cover. The handles were fabricated of low-carbon steel rod; the cover was of type 502 stainless steel plate. The attachment welds were made with type 347...
Abstract
Handles welded to the top cover plate of a chemical-plant downcomer broke at the welds when the handles were used to lift the cover. The handles were fabricated of low-carbon steel rod; the cover was of type 502 stainless steel plate. The attachment welds were made with type 347 stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld was the result of using too large a welding rod and too much heat input, melting of the low-carbon steel handle, which diluted the austenitic stainless steel filler metal and formed martensitic steel in the weld zone. Because it was impractical to preheat and postheat the type 502 stainless steel cover plate, the low-carbon steel handle was welded to low-carbon steel plate, using low-carbon steel electrodes. This plate was then welded to the type 502 stainless steel plate with type 310 stainless steel electrodes. This design produced a large weld section over which the load was distributed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001212
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Operation handles produced from C45 steel showed many fine cracks at the flame hardened noses. The cracks ran from the corners of indentations caused by the tool during alignment. Metallographic investigation showed the nose was overheated during flame hardening. It was concluded...
Abstract
Operation handles produced from C45 steel showed many fine cracks at the flame hardened noses. The cracks ran from the corners of indentations caused by the tool during alignment. Metallographic investigation showed the nose was overheated during flame hardening. It was concluded that the numerous hardening cracks were caused by abrupt quenching from over-heating temperature and by local stress concentrations due to indentations of the tool caused during alignment.
Image
Condition trays 2–5, showing normal position of all handles after cooking a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 1 Condition trays 2–5, showing normal position of all handles after cooking and removal from microwave oven.
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Image
Condition of the failed tray, showing one of the handles bent completely up...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 2 Condition of the failed tray, showing one of the handles bent completely upright from its original flat position after cooking and removal from microwave oven.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Compound bow handle risers that had failed in service and during assembly along with an unassembled riser were submitted for analysis. The risers were die cast from magnesium-base alloy AM60A. Inspection of the failed risers and metallurgical investigations conducted on the stock riser...
Abstract
Compound bow handle risers that had failed in service and during assembly along with an unassembled riser were submitted for analysis. The risers were die cast from magnesium-base alloy AM60A. Inspection of the failed risers and metallurgical investigations conducted on the stock riser revealed the presence of cold shuts at the same site in all specimens. It was recommended that all risers be thoroughly inspected and that the bow company work with their die casting shop to design a mold with acceptable filling characteristics.
Book Chapter
Inclusion within an Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Handle
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c0090430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... Abstract The handle from a consumer product exhibited an apparent surface defect. The handle had been injection molded from a medium viscosity grade ABS resin. The anomalous appearance was objectionable to the assembler of the final product and resulted in a production lot being placed...
Abstract
The handle from a consumer product exhibited an apparent surface defect. The handle had been injection molded from a medium viscosity grade ABS resin. The anomalous appearance was objectionable to the assembler of the final product and resulted in a production lot being placed on quality-control hold. Investigation included visual inspection, 24x micrographs, and FTIR in the reflectance mode. The spectrum obtained on the included material was characteristic of polybutadiene, the rubber-modifying agent present in ABS. This supported the conclusion that the inclusion's most likely source was an undispersed gel particle formed during the production of the molding resin.
Book
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.9781627082242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
Book Chapter
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Butt Joints in Piping Handling Caustic Soda
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
Abstract
The onset of leakage adjacent to two butt welds in a 2 in. bore pipe was traced to the development of fine cracks. The pipe carried 40% sodium hydroxide solution. The actual temperature was not known, but the pipeline was steam traced at a pressure of 30 psi, equivalent to a temperature of 130 deg C (266 deg F). Magnetic crack detection revealed circumferential crack-like indications situated a short distance from the butt weld. Cracking originated on the bore surfaces of the tube and was of an intergranular nature reminiscent of caustic cracking in steam boilers. The strength of the solution of caustic soda and possibly the temperature also were in the range known to produce stress-corrosion cracking of mild steels in the presence of stresses of sufficient magnitude. In this instance the location of the cracking suggested that residual stresses from welding, which approach yield point magnitude, were responsible. As all other welds were suspect, the remedy was to remove the joints and to reweld followed by local stress relief.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Micrograph showing the included material within the handle. 24×
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Image
Flange-to-pipe assembly of a carbon steel header, used for handling superhe...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Flange-to-pipe assembly of a carbon steel header, used for handling superheated water, that cracked by fatigue because of notches at welds. (a) Section through butt-welded joint showing crack (arrow A) that originated at toe of weld on inner surface, incomplete weld penetration (arrow
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Image
in Cracks in Flame Hardened Operation Handles
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Handle etched with 10% nital to show the flame hardened zone (dark). 1 ×
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Image
3013 outer container (left) and inner container for handling and storage of...
Available to Purchase
in Analysis of Porosity Associated with Hanford 3013 Outer Container Welds
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 3013 outer container (left) and inner container for handling and storage of plutonium-bearing materials
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Image
Flange-to-pipe assembly of a carbon steel header, used for handling superhe...
Available to Purchase
in Fatigue Cracking of Headers for Superheated Water Because of Notches at Welds
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Flange-to-pipe assembly of a carbon steel header, used for handling superheated water, that cracked by fatigue because of notches at welds. (a) Section through butt-welded joint showing crack (arrow A) that originated at toe of weld on inner surface, incomplete weld penetration (arrow B
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Image
in Inclusion within an Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Handle
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Household Products and Consumer Goods
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Micrograph showing the included material within the handle. 24×
More
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0046079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Abstract After only a short time in service, oil-fired orchard heaters made of galvanized low-carbon steel pipe, 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) in thickness, became sensitive to impact, particularly during handling and storage. Most failures occurred in an area of the heater shell that normally reached...
Abstract
After only a short time in service, oil-fired orchard heaters made of galvanized low-carbon steel pipe, 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) in thickness, became sensitive to impact, particularly during handling and storage. Most failures occurred in an area of the heater shell that normally reached the highest temperature in service. A 400x etched micrograph showed a brittle and somewhat porous metallic layer about 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) thick on both surfaces of the sheet. Next to this was an apparently single-phase region nearly 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) in thickness. The examination supported the conclusion that prolonged heating of the galvanized steel heater shells caused the zinc-rich surface to become alloyed with iron and reduce the number of layers. Also, heating caused zinc to diffuse along grain boundaries toward the center of the sheet. Zinc in the grain boundaries reacted with iron to form the brittle intergranular phase, resulting in failure by brittle fracture at low impact loads during handling and storage. Recommendation included manufacture of the pipe with aluminized instead of galvanized steel sheet for the combustion chamber.
Book Chapter
Failure of a Laminated-Paper Food Cooking Tray
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001274
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... deflection of the tray handles that had occurred in the failed tray. Full distortion of the handles was obtained experimentally only by dropping a full hot tray on its end onto the floor. The test results indicated that the tray had slipped from the hand of the user. Bending Deflection Food packaging...
Abstract
A laminated-paper microwave food tray collapsed with hot food in it. Microscopic examination of the failed tray revealed no structural or material defects. Five additional trays of like construction were also tested to determine the conditions necessary to simulate the permanent deflection of the tray handles that had occurred in the failed tray. Full distortion of the handles was obtained experimentally only by dropping a full hot tray on its end onto the floor. The test results indicated that the tray had slipped from the hand of the user.
Book Chapter
Transgranular Stress-Corrosion Cracking Failures in AISI 304L Stainless Steel Dished Ends During Storage
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... (TGSCC). Conditions promoting the occurrence of the TGSCC included significant tensile stresses on the inside of the dished ends, the presence of surface contamination by iron due to poor handling practice using carbon steel implements, and storage in a coastal environment with an average temperature...
Abstract
Several type 304L stainless steel dished ends used in the fabrication of cylindrical vessels developed extensive cracking during storage. All of the dished ends had been procured from a single manufacturer and belonged to the same batch. When examined visually, several rust marks were observed, indicating contamination by rusted carbon steel particles. Liquid penetrant testing was used to determine the extent of the cracks, and in situ metallographic analysis was performed over the cracked region. The morphology of the cracks was indicative of transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (TGSCC). Conditions promoting the occurrence of the TGSCC included significant tensile stresses on the inside of the dished ends, the presence of surface contamination by iron due to poor handling practice using carbon steel implements, and storage in a coastal environment with an average temperature of 25 to 32 deg C (77 to 90 deg F), an average humidity ranging from 70 to 80%, and an atmospheric NaCl content ranging from 8 to 45 mg/m2 /day. Recommendations preventing further occurrence of the situation were strict avoidance of the use of carbon steel handling implements, strict avoidance of cleaning practices that cause long-term exposure to chlorine-containing cleaning fluid, and solution annealing of the dished ends at 1050 deg C (1920 deg F) for 1 h followed by water quenching to relieve residual stresses.
Book Chapter
Corrosive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications. aqueous slurry corrosive wear grinding impact wear materials selection surface treatment three-body abrasive-corrosive wear two-body corrosive wear CORROSIVE...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion-wear synergism in aqueous slurry and grinding environments. It describes the effects of environmental factors on corrosive wear and provides information on the impact and three-body abrasive-corrosive wear. The article also discusses the various means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling. backscattered electron imaging economy test elemental composition analysis energy-dispersive spectrometry failure analysis metals microchemical analysis referee test specimen...
Abstract
This article describes some of the common elemental composition analysis methods and explains the concept of referee and economy test methods in failure analysis. It discusses different types of microchemical analyses, including backscattered electron imaging, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0009222
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article describes the six fundamental factors that decide a tool's performance. These are mechanical design, grade of tool steel, machining procedure, heat treatment, grinding, and handling. A deficiency in any one of the factors can lead to a tool and die failure. The article...
Abstract
This article describes the six fundamental factors that decide a tool's performance. These are mechanical design, grade of tool steel, machining procedure, heat treatment, grinding, and handling. A deficiency in any one of the factors can lead to a tool and die failure. The article presents a seven-step procedure to be followed when looking for the reason for a failure. A review of the results of the seven-point investigation may lead directly to the source of failure or narrow the field of investigation to permit the use of special tests.
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