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Book Chapter
The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract Important clues about the probable cause of a gun tube explosion were obtained from a fractographic and metallographic examination of the fragments. The size, distribution, and surface markings of fragments may be used to localize the explosion and deduce its intensity. Microstructural...
Abstract
Important clues about the probable cause of a gun tube explosion were obtained from a fractographic and metallographic examination of the fragments. The size, distribution, and surface markings of fragments may be used to localize the explosion and deduce its intensity. Microstructural features such as voids, adiabatic shear, and structural surface alterations also indicate the explosion intensity and further allow a comparison of the tube structure near and away from the explosion zone. These, and other metallurgical characteristics, are illustrated and discussed for cases of accidental and deliberately caused explosions of large caliber gun tubes.
Image
Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 49 Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming to MIL-I-11466, grade D7003, that fractured in fatigue because of vermicularity of graphite. (a) and (b) Two different views of the piston showing fractures; A and B indicate orifices (see text). Approximately
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Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 27 Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming to MIL-I-11466, grade D7003, that fractured in fatigue because of vermicularity of graphite. (a) and (b) Two different views of the piston showing fractures; A and B indicate orifices (see text). Original
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Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming t...
Available to Purchase
in Fracture of Ductile-Iron Pistons for a Gun Recoil Mechanism as Affected by Type of Graphite
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Piston for a gun-recoil mechanism, sand cast from ductile iron conforming to MIL-I-11466, grade D7003, that fractured in fatigue because of vermicularity of graphite. (a) and (b) Two different views of the piston showing fractures; A and B indicate orifices (see text). Approximately
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Overall view of gun tube in which the failure was caused by deliberately de...
Available to Purchase
in The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Overall view of gun tube in which the failure was caused by deliberately detonating a high explosive projectile inside the tube. The failure is characterized by an intact muzzle section (forefront), large fragments to the rear of this area, fragments from the area of detonation
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0089657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Abstract The gun mount used in two types of self-propelled artillery consists of an oil-filled recoil cylinder and a sand-cast (MIL-I-11466, grade D7003) ductile-iron piston that connects to the gun tube through a threaded rod. The piston contains several orifices through which oil is forced...
Abstract
The gun mount used in two types of self-propelled artillery consists of an oil-filled recoil cylinder and a sand-cast (MIL-I-11466, grade D7003) ductile-iron piston that connects to the gun tube through a threaded rod. The piston contains several orifices through which oil is forced as a means of absorbing recoil energy. During operation, the piston is stressed in tension, pulled by oil pressure on one end and the opposing force of the gun tube on the other. The casting specification stipulated that the graphite be substantially nodular and that metallographic test results be provided for each lot. Investigation (visual inspection, fatigue testing, 0.25x/0.35x/50x magnifications, 2% nital etched 60x/65x magnifications, and SEM views) showed that most of the service fractures occurred in pistons containing vermicular graphite. Recommendations included ultrasonic testing of pistons already in the field to identify and reject those containing vermicular graphite. In addition, metallographic control standards were suggested for future production lots.
Book Chapter
Bulging of a Shotgun Barrel Caused by a Change from Lead Shot to Iron Shot
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c0092135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... thicker and more uniform, and/or developing an alternative nontoxic metal shot with a hardness in the range of 30 to 40 HB. Ammunition Guns 1138 UNS G11380 Gross yielding A standard commercial shotgun barrel fabricated from 1138 steel deformed during a test that was made with a new type...
Abstract
A shotgun barrel fabricated from 1138 steel deformed when test firing alternative nontoxic ammunition. The test shells contained soft iron shot, which at 72 HB, is much harder than traditional lead shot (typically 30 to 40 HB). An investigation based on ID and OD profiling supported the conclusion that the iron shot increased stresses in the choke zone of the barrel, causing it to deform. Variations in the amount of bulging were attributed to a lack of uniformity in wall thickness. Recommendations included making the barrel from steel with a higher yield strength, making the barrel walls thicker and more uniform, and/or developing an alternative nontoxic metal shot with a hardness in the range of 30 to 40 HB.
Book Chapter
Evaluation of Alloys for Use in 81-mm Mortar Tubes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... including a maraging steel (18% Ni, grade 250), a vanadium-modified 4337 gun steel (4337V), H19 tool steel, and high-temperature alloys Rene 41, Inconel 718, and Udimet 630. All the alloys evaluated had been used in mortar tubes previously or were known to meet the estimated minimum yield strength...
Abstract
When bulging occurred in mortar tubes made of British I steel during elevated-temperature test firing, a test program was formulated to evaluate the high-temperature properties (at 540 to 650 deg C, or 1000 to 1200 deg F) of the British I steel and of several alternative alloys including a maraging steel (18% Ni, grade 250), a vanadium-modified 4337 gun steel (4337V), H19 tool steel, and high-temperature alloys Rene 41, Inconel 718, and Udimet 630. All the alloys evaluated had been used in mortar tubes previously or were known to meet the estimated minimum yield strength. The alloys fall in this order of decreasing strengths: Udimet 630, Inconel 718, Rene 41, H19 tool steel, British I steel, 4337V gun steel, and maraging steel. When cycled between room temperature and 540 to 650 deg C (1000 to 1200 deg F), only Udimet 630, Inconel 718, and Rene 41 retained yield strengths higher than the minimum. Also, these three alloys maintained high strengths over the tested range, whereas the others decreased in yield strength as cycling progressed. Analysis showed Inconel 718 was considered best suited for 81-mm mortar tubes, and widespread industrial use ensured its availability.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001910
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract Breech bolt assemblies from the Gatling guns used on fighter aircraft failed during firing tests. Metallography of the failed components revealed considerable decarburization which resulted in a loss of surface hardness. It was also determined that the maraging steel components were...
Abstract
Breech bolt assemblies from the Gatling guns used on fighter aircraft failed during firing tests. Metallography of the failed components revealed considerable decarburization which resulted in a loss of surface hardness. It was also determined that the maraging steel components were not in the nitrided condition as was required. This resulted in lower wear and fatigue resistance. These components also had a silicon content nearly double of that specified. The high silicon content lowered the notch tensile strength and toughness of the components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0046210
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Several crankshaft failures occurred in equipment that was being used in logging operations in subzero temperatures. Failure usually initiated at a cracked pin oil hole, and the failure origin was approximately 7.6 mm (0.3 in.) from the shaft surface. The holes were produced by gun...
Abstract
Several crankshaft failures occurred in equipment that was being used in logging operations in subzero temperatures. Failure usually initiated at a cracked pin oil hole, and the failure origin was approximately 7.6 mm (0.3 in.) from the shaft surface. The holes were produced by gun drilling, giving rise to surface defects. The fracture surface was characteristic of fatigue in that it was flat, relatively shiny, and exhibited beach marks. The crack surface was at a 45 deg angle to the axis of the shaft, indicating dominant tensile stresses. The material was the French designation AFNOR 38CD4 (similar to AISI type 4140H) and was in the quenched-and-tempered condition, with a yield strength of about 760 MPa (110 ksi). It was treated to have compressive surface stresses, and the prior-austenite grain size was ASTM 8. Analysis (visual inspection, stress analyses, and macrographs) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fatigue stress caused by surface defects in the oil holes. Recommendation includes drilling the oil holes by a technique that essentially eliminates surface defects.
Image
Network of adiabatic shear deformation resulting from complex stress state ...
Available to Purchase
in The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Network of adiabatic shear deformation resulting from complex stress state in the gun during detonation. Etched in picral.
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Sketch of assembled fragments on which the crack surface directions on indi...
Available to Purchase
in The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Sketch of assembled fragments on which the crack surface directions on individual fragments are shown pointing to the origin of failure (upper right) at the muzzle end of the gun tube.
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Schematic diagram of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer/mass sp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 64 Schematic diagram of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (MS/MS). ESA, electrostatic analyzer; CID, collision-induced dissociation; SED, secondary electron detector; GCIB, gas cluster ion beam; FIB, focused ion beam; LMIG, liquid metal ion gun. Courtesy
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Book Chapter
Scanning Electron Microscopy for Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... electrons from a tungsten filament are termed cold-field-emission SEMs, or high-resolution SEMs, and have the highest resolution capabilities of all SEMs. A compromise is reached in the thermal-field-emission (or Schottky gun) SEM when a combination of heat and electric field are used to produce an electron...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. The SEM provides the user with an unparalleled ability to observe and quantify the surface of a sample. This article discusses the development of SEM technology and operating principles of basic systems of SEM. The basic systems covered include the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and the vacuum system. The processes involved in the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM are described, and the application of SEM in fractography is discussed. The article covers the failure mechanisms of ductile failure, brittle failure, mixed-mode failure, and fatigue failure. Lastly, image dependence on microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... A compromise is reached in the thermal-field-emission (or Schottky gun) SEM, where a combination of heat and electric field are used to produce electrons. These machines have better resolution than conventional SEMs, while being easier to use than the high-resolution machines. A conventional SEM also...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and vacuum system. It discusses the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM and describes the application of SEM in fractography. If the surface remains unaffected and undamaged by events subsequent to the actual failure, it is often a simple matter to determine the failure mode by the use of an SEM. In cases where the surface is altered after the initial failure, the case may not be so straightforward. The article presents typical examples that illustrate these points. Image dependence on the microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c9001622
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... spectrometer (SEM/EDS). The SEM allows for high-magnification study of surfaces by utilizing electrons instead of visible light. This instrument is equipped with magnetic lenses and coils, which scan the sample surface with electrons (primary electrons) that are emitted from an electron gun through a column...
Abstract
A stamped coin exhibited visible discolored areas, seen as a tan haze on the surface. The discoloration was considered merely cosmetic. The nonstained and stained regions were studied using SEM/EDS. Greater amounts of aluminum and magnesium were found in the stained area as compared with the nonstained region. Some carbon and oxygen were detected in both areas, which may be suggestive of organic substances. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed traces of hydrocarbons and ether/alcohol materials in the stained area, suggesting that the stain was associated with a cellulose or carbohydrates (sugars). These findings, along with the appearance, suggest that a sugar-containing substance, such as coffee or a soft drink, dried onto the surface of this coin and caused the observed discoloration.
Book Chapter
Surface Examination and Analysis of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006943
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... The fundamental construction of the electron column is basically the same in various SEM instruments. The electron column consists of an electron gun, electron lenses, condenser lenses, and objective lenses, which are necessary to collimate and focus the electron beam for optimum operation of the instrument...
Abstract
This article discusses the operating principles, advantages, and limitations of scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy that are used to analyze the surface chemistry of plastics.
Book Chapter
Chemical Characterization of Surfaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Depth Profiles Compositional depth profiling is possible with the use of auxiliary sputter ion guns. Several different options for ion sources are available and depend on the material to be depth profiled. All ion guns are used to slowly remove material, thus exposing a new surface to be analyzed...
Abstract
This article covers the three most popular techniques used to characterize the very outermost layers of solid surfaces: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Some of the more important attributes are listed for preliminary insight into the strengths and limitations of these techniques for chemical characterization of surfaces. The article describes the basic theory behind each of the different techniques, the types of data produced from each, and some typical applications. Also discussed are the different types of samples that can be analyzed and the special sample-handling procedures that must be implemented when preparing to do failure analysis using these surface-sensitive techniques. Data obtained from different material defects are presented for each of the techniques. The examples presented highlight the typical data sets and strengths of each technique.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Abstract
A major cause of failure in components subjected to rolling or rolling/sliding contacts is contact fatigue. This article focuses on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of overlay coatings such as those deposited by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and thermal spraying (TS). It provides a background to RCF in bearing steels in order to develop an understanding of failure modes in overlay coatings. The article describes the underpinning failure mechanisms of TiN and diamond-like carbon coatings. It presents an insight into the design considerations of coating-substrate material properties, coating thickness, and coating processes to combat RCF failure in TS coatings.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Distortion and Deformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... profile of inside diameter as shown in the “After test” curve in Fig. 7(a) . Comparison of this curve with the profile before the test shows that the effect of firing soft iron shot was to deform the gun barrel so that the choke taper was shifted toward the muzzle. After the test, there was a bulge...
Abstract
Distortion failure occurs when a structure or component is deformed so that it can no longer support the load it was intended to carry. Every structure has a load limit beyond which it is considered unsafe or unreliable. Estimation of load limits is an important aspect of design and is commonly computed by classical design or limit analysis. This article discusses the common aspects of failure by distortion with suitable examples. Analysis of a distortion failure often must be thorough and rigorous to determine the root cause of failure and to specify proper corrective action. The article summarizes the general process of distortion failure analysis. It also discusses three types of distortion failures that provide useful insights into the problems of analyzing unusual mechanisms of distortion. These include elastic distortion, ratcheting, and inelastic cyclic buckling.
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