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Book Chapter
Analysis of Contaminants on Grain-Boundary Fractures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0045918
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... cleaning procedures to remove any trace of the cleaning acids be used. Auger electron spectroscopy Contaminants Grain boundaries Rocket nozzles Scanning electron microscopy Nb-106 Stress-corrosion cracking Intergranular fracture Since electron microscopy for the evaluation of fracture...
Abstract
Cracks, with no other damage, were observed in a niobium alloy (Nb-106) part when it was pulled from several months of protective storage for assembly into a rocket nozzle. SEM views showed the cracks to be intergranular, with contaminant particles on a large number of the grain facets. EDX analysis showed they consisted of niobium and fluorine. Plastic replicas, prepared by standard TEM techniques, were analyzed with selected-area electron diffraction, showing a pattern match for niobium tetrafluoride. Auger analyses showed electron spectra containing peaks representing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine. Investigation into the processing history of the part showed the tenacious oxide film formed by the affinity of niobium for oxygen - even when heat treated in a vacuum – was removed with a combination of strong acids: nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and lactic, resulting in the contaminants found on the surface. Thus, residues of the cleaning acid on the part had caused SCC during storage, with the tensile stresses necessary to generate SCC assumed to have been residual stresses from the heat treatment. Recommendation was made that more stringent cleaning procedures to remove any trace of the cleaning acids be used.
Book Chapter
Cast Steel Housing with Grain Boundary Precipitates
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract In a housing made of cast steel GS 20MoV12 3, weighing 42 tons, precipitates were found on the austenitic grain boundaries during metallographic inspection. According to their shape and type they were recognized as carbides that precipitated during tempering. In addition, a much...
Abstract
In a housing made of cast steel GS 20MoV12 3, weighing 42 tons, precipitates were found on the austenitic grain boundaries during metallographic inspection. According to their shape and type they were recognized as carbides that precipitated during tempering. In addition, a much coarser network of rod-shaped and plate-shaped precipitates was found, that probably corresponded to the primary grain boundaries, or to the grain boundaries or twin planes of the austenite formed during solidification of the melt. These particles could have been aluminum nitride judging by their shape and order of precipitation. Tests showed that a subsequent removal of this defect by solutioning was impractical because the annealing temperature was too high. To avoid this defect in the future the sole recommendation is to accelerate the cooling rate through the critical region between 1200 to 900 deg C to such an extent as is practicable with respect to machinability.
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in A Microstructural Examination of Hot Corrosion of a Co-Cr-Fe Alloy Cast Burner Nozzle from a Coal Gasification Plant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
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Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outlet header shown in Fig. 30 . 400×
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Decohesion at the particle-matrix interface on grain boundaries of 316 stai...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 37 Decohesion at the particle-matrix interface on grain boundaries of 316 stainless steel that failed by creep
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Example of preferential oxidation of the grain boundaries in a cast high-te...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 52 Example of preferential oxidation of the grain boundaries in a cast high-temperature alloy steel
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Quench cracks due to excessively large grain boundaries resulting from exce...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 34 Quench cracks due to excessively large grain boundaries resulting from excessively high austenitizing temperature. Note cracking patterns associated with prior coarse austenite grain boundaries. Source: Ref 4
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Microstucture of defective tube surface, showing grain boundaries outlined ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1992
Fig. 3 Microstucture of defective tube surface, showing grain boundaries outlined by carbides, with oxide attack at surface. Vilella's reagent. 250×.
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in High-Temperature Stress Relaxation Cracking and Stress Rupture Observed in a Coke Gasifier Failure
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
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Typical creep voids forming on transverse grain boundaries from solid, equi...
Available to Purchase
in Stress-Rupture Characterization in Nickel-Based Superalloy Gas Turbine Engine Components
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 13 Typical creep voids forming on transverse grain boundaries from solid, equiaxed turbine blade casting. Void coalescence will eventually lead to a stress-rupture crack
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Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outl...
Available to Purchase
in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 54 Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outlet header shown in Fig. 53 . Original magnification: 400×
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Micrograph showing discontinuous cracking along the grain boundaries of ste...
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in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 26 Micrograph showing discontinuous cracking along the grain boundaries of steel due to hydrogen attack. Original magnification: 400×
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Crack and precipitates at primary grain boundaries. Unetched longitudinal s...
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in Cast Ingot Cracked During Forging
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Crack and precipitates at primary grain boundaries. Unetched longitudinal section. 100 ×
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Oxide precipitates at austenitic grain boundaries 3 mm under surface, etch:...
Available to Purchase
in Boiler Tube Cracked During Bending
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
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MnS inclusions and ferrite network at the austenite grain boundaries in lon...
Available to Purchase
in Cracking of Pipe Nipples in Welding
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 8 MnS inclusions and ferrite network at the austenite grain boundaries in longitudinal section through the starting point of the weld seam, Etch: picral. 500 ×
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Intergranular cracks propagating along prior-austenite grain boundaries (et...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 5 Intergranular cracks propagating along prior-austenite grain boundaries (etch: picric acid + wetting agent). 630×
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Micrograph showing grain boundaries with carbide precipitates and a homogen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 7 Micrograph showing grain boundaries with carbide precipitates and a homogeneous precipitation of gamma phase. inside the grains.
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Decohesion at the particle-matrix interface on grain boundaries of 316 stai...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 37 Decohesion at the particle-matrix interface on grain boundaries of 316 stainless steel that failed by creep
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Chrome carbides at grain boundaries forming “pearl necklace” in 316 stainle...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 25 Chrome carbides at grain boundaries forming “pearl necklace” in 316 stainless steel. Electrolytic oxalic acid etch
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Voids on the austenite grain boundaries below the scaled region, cross-sect...
Available to Purchase
in Scaling of Resistance Heating Elements in a Through-Type Annealing Furnace
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Voids on the austenite grain boundaries below the scaled region, cross-section, etched in V2A pickling solution. 100×
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