Search Results for Fluid penetrant testing

Four nose wheels fabricated from 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and cold worked at the flange were examined. Visual examination showed that the failure started in the tube well area on the wheel with serial number 31. The failure initiated in the flange fillet on wheels with serial numbers 67, 217, and 250. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the fractures showed that failure initiated by SCC or a corrosion pit on all failures examined. The failures then progressed by fatigue. Dye penetrant testing revealed no additional flaws on the wheels that had failed in the flange area. There was, however, one flaw area in the flange of the wheel that failed in the tube well. This flaw resembled a corrosion pit. It was concluded that failure of nose wheels 67, 217, and 250 was caused by cracking due to SCC or pitting. The failures progressed by fatigue. Because failure occurred in the same general area on all three wheels, these locations are suspect as being underdesigned. It was recommended that the nose wheel be redesigned and additional service data be accumulated to understand the contributing factors that resulted in wheel failure.

A gas-fired, ASTM A-106 Grade B carbon steel vaporizer failed on three different occasions during attempts to bring the vaporizer on line. Dye penetrant examination indicated the presence of multiple packets of ductile cracks on the inside of the coil radius at the bottom of the horizontal axis coils. Visual examination of the inside of the tubing indicated the presence of a carbonaceous deposit resulting from decomposition of the heat-exchanging fluid. Subsequent metallographic examination and microhardness testing indicated that the steel was heated to a temperature above the allowable operating temperature for the fluid. The probable cause for failure is thermal fatigue due to the localized overheating. Flow conditions inside the tubing should be reexamined to ensure suitable conditions for annular fluid flow.

A 2000-T6 aluminum alloy bracket failed in a coastal environment because corrosive chlorides got between the bracket and attachment bolt. The material used for the part was susceptible to stress corrosion under the service conditions. Cracking may have been aggravated by galvanic action between aluminum alloy bracket and steel bolt. To preclude or minimize recurrences, fittings in service should be inspected periodically by dye penetrant for signs of cracking on the end face and within the fitting hole and protected with a suitable coating to exclude damaging chlorides. Also, a 2000-T6 aluminum alloy swivel fitting experienced intergranular corrosion fracture as the result of stress-accelerated corrosion. Corrosion began because of a loose fit between the aluminum swivel fitting and steel tube assembly, which caused fretting. Inadequate maintenance and/or abnormal service operation may have loosened the fitting.

Several type 304L stainless steel dished ends used in the fabrication of cylindrical vessels developed extensive cracking during storage. All of the dished ends had been procured from a single manufacturer and belonged to the same batch. When examined visually, several rust marks were observed, indicating contamination by rusted carbon steel particles. Liquid penetrant testing was used to determine the extent of the cracks, and in situ metallographic analysis was performed over the cracked region. The morphology of the cracks was indicative of transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (TGSCC). Conditions promoting the occurrence of the TGSCC included significant tensile stresses on the inside of the dished ends, the presence of surface contamination by iron due to poor handling practice using carbon steel implements, and storage in a coastal environment with an average temperature of 25 to 32 deg C (77 to 90 deg F), an average humidity ranging from 70 to 80%, and an atmospheric NaCl content ranging from 8 to 45 mg/m2 /day. Recommendations preventing further occurrence of the situation were strict avoidance of the use of carbon steel handling implements, strict avoidance of cleaning practices that cause long-term exposure to chlorine-containing cleaning fluid, and solution annealing of the dished ends at 1050 deg C (1920 deg F) for 1 h followed by water quenching to relieve residual stresses.

Eddy current inspection was performed on a vertical evaporator unit (that contained 180 tubes) used in a chemical processing plant. It was advised that the tube material was type 316 stainless steel. The shell-side fluid was condensate and gaseous methylene chloride, while the tube-side fluid was contaminated liquid methylene chloride. More than 100 tubes exhibiting severe outer surface pitting and cracklike indications near each tube sheet were revealed during eddy current inspection. It was observed that the indications correlated with rust-stained, pitted, and cracked areas on the outer surfaces. The cracking was revealed by metallographic examination to have initiated from the outer surface, frequently at pits, and penetrated the tube wall in a transgranular, branching fashion. The crack features were characteristic of chloride stress-corrosion cracking. A change in tube material was recommended to avoid future failures and loss of service.

A type 321 stainless steel downcomer expansion joint that handled process gases was found to be leaking approximately 2 to 3 weeks after installation. The expansion joint was the second such coupling placed in the plant after failure of the original bellows. The failed joint was disassembled and examined to determine the cause of failure. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis revealed significant peaks for chlorine and phosphorus, indicating failure by chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Cracks in the liner and bellows exhibited a branched pattern also typical of SCC. Cracks through the inner liner initiated on the outer surface of the liner and propagated inward, whereas cracks in the bellows originated on the inner surface and propagated outward. Stress-corrosion cracking of the assembly was caused by chloride contaminants trapped inside the bellows following hydrostatic testing. Checking the test fluid for chloride and removing all fluids after hydrostatic testing were recommended to prevent further failure.

The repeated failure of rubber-covered rotors and volute liners in a flue gas desulfurization system after conversion from lime slurry reagent to limestone slurry reagent was investigated. The pump was a horizontal 50 x 65 mm (2 x 2.5 in.) Galiger pump with a split cast iron case and open rotor (impeller). Both the case and the ductile iron rotor core were covered by natural rubber. Analyses conducted included surface examination of wear patterns, chemical analysis of materials, measurement of mechanical properties, and in-place flow tests. It was determined that the proximate cause of failure was cavitation and vortexing between the rotor and the lining. The root cause of the failure was the conversion from lime to limestone slurry without appropriate modification of the pump. Conversion to the limestone slurry resulted in fluid dynamics outside the operational limits of the pump. The recommended remedial action was replacement with a pump appropriately sized for the desired pressures and flow rates for limestone slurry.

Linear indications on the outer surface of a cross in a piping system were revealed by dye-penetrant examination. The cross was specified to be SA403 type WP 304 stainless steel. The cross had been subjected to induction-heating stress improvement. The linear indications on the cross were located in wide bands running circumferentially below the cross-to-cap weld and above the cap-to-discharge-pipe weld. The material was found to conform to the requirements both in terms of hardness and strength. Intergranular cracks filled with oxide were observed on metallographic analysis of a sectioned and oxalic acid etched sample. The grain size was found to exceed the ASTM standard. No indications of sensitization were observed during testing with practice A of ASTM A 262. Definitive evidence of contaminants to support SCC as the failure mechanism was not disclosed during analysis. It was concluded that overheating or burning of the forging, which classically results in large grain size, intergranular fractures, and fine oxide particles dispersed throughout the grains was the possible reason for the failure.

After two weeks of operation, a poppet used in a check valve to control fluid flow and with a maximum operating pressure of 24 MPa (3.5 ksi) failed during operation. Specifications required that the part be made of 1213 or 1215 rephosphorized and resulfurized steel. The poppet was specified to be case hardened to 55 to 60 HRC, with a case depth of 0.6 to 0.9 mm (0.025 to 0.035 in.); the hardness of the mating valve seat was 40 HRC. Analysis showed that the fracture occurred through two 8 mm (0.313 in.) diam holes at the narrowest section of the poppet. The valve continued to operate after it broke, which resulted in extensive loss of metal between the holes. 80x micrograph and 4x macrograph of a 5% nital etched longitudinal section, and chemical analyses showed the poppet did fit 1213 or 1215 specs. However, hardness measurements showed surface hardness was excessive-61 to 65 HRC instead of the specified 55 to 60 HRC. Thus, the poppet failed by brittle fracture, and cracking occurred across nonmetallic inclusions. Recommendation was to redesign the valve with the poppet material changed to 4140 steel, hardened, and tempered to 50 to 55 HRC.

A Stirling engine heat pipe failed after only 2h of operation in a test situation. Cracking at the leading edge of an evaporator fin allowed air to enter the system and react with the sodium coolant. The fin was fabricated from 0.8 mm (0.03 in.) thick Inconel 600 sheet. The wick material was type 316 stainless steel. Macro- and microexaminations of specimens from the failed heat pipe were conducted. The fin cracking was caused by overheating that produced intergranular corrosion in both the fin and the wick. Recommendations for alleviating the corrosion problem included reducing the heat flux, redesigning the wick, and reducing the oxygen content of the sodium.

Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion corrosion.

A root cause failure analysis was performed on a vaporizer coil removed from a horizontal forced circulation vaporizer. The carbon steel coil was wound in a right-hand helix with a coil centerline diameter of about 2 m. The vaporizer was gas fired and used Dowtherm A as the heat transfer fluid. Design conditions are based on annular fluid flow to cool the coil wall. NDE, metallographic and fractographic examinations were performed. Numerous, circumferentially oriented, OD initiating cracks were found near the crown for two coils near the non-fired end of the vaporizer. The cracking was confined to the inner diameter of the vaporizer coil at positions from 4:00 to 7:00. The cracking was characterized as transgranular and the fracture surface had beach marks. The failure mechanism was thermal fatigue. The heat transfer calculation predicted that dryout of the coil would occur for coils at the non-fired end of the vaporizer during low flow transients. Dryout results in rapid increase in the tube wall temperature. Thermal cycling of the coil is completed by liquid quenching resulting from resumption of normal flow rates and the return to annular flow. The probable root cause of failure was low flow transient operation.

The goal of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in conjunction with failure analysis is to obtain the most comprehensive set of data in order to characterize the details of the damage and determine the factors that allowed the damage to occur. The NDE results can be used to determine optimal areas upon which to focus for sectioning and metallography in order to further investigate the condition of the component. This article provides information on the inspection method available for failure analysis, including standard methods such as visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis.

This article describes the characteristics of tubing of heat exchangers with respect to general corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, selective leaching, and oxygen-cell attack, with examples. It illustrates the examination of failed parts of heat exchangers by using sample selection, visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, and mechanical tests. The article explains corrosion fatigue of tubing of heat exchangers caused by aggressive environment and cyclic stress. It also discusses the effects of design, welding practices, and elevated temperatures on the failures of heat exchangers.

During the routine hydraulic pressure test of a boiler following modification, failure by leakage from the drum took place and was traced to a region where extensive multiple cracking had occurred. Catastrophic rupture or fragmentation of the vessel fortunately did not take place. Prior to the test, cracking was present already, extending up to 90% of the wall thickness. Analyses of brownish deposit material did not reveal the presence of any substances likely to cause stress-corrosion cracking of a Ni-Cu-Mo low-alloy steel.

An exhaust diffuser assembly failed prematurely in service. The failure occurred near the intake end of the assembly and involved fracture in the diffuser cone (Corten), diffuser in take flange (type 310 stainless steel), diffuser exit flange (type 405 stainless steel), expansion bellows (Inconel 600), and bellows intake flange (Corten). Individual segments of the failed subassemblies were examined using various methods. The analysis indicated that the weld joint in the diffuser intake flange (type 310 stainless steel to Corten steel) contained diffusion-zone solidification cracks. The joints had been produced using the mechanized gas-metal arc welding process. Cracking was attributed to improper control of welding parameters, and failure was attributed to weld defects.

Weld-decay and stress-corrosion cracking developed in several similar all-welded vessels fabricated from austenitic stainless steel. During a periodic examination cracks were revealed at the external surface of one of the vessels. External patch welds had been applied at these and several other corresponding locations. Cracks visible on the external surface developed from the inside in a region close to the toe of the internal fillet weld to the deflector plate, and another deep crack associated with a weld cavity is visible slightly to the right of the main fissure. Microscopic examination revealed that precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries had taken place in the vicinity of the cracks, but that the paths of the cracks were not wholly intergranular. Conditions present in the vicinity of the internal fillet weld must have been such as to favor both inter- and transgranular cracking. It is probable that the heating associated with the repair welds made from time to time also contributed to the trouble. The transgranular cracks, however, were indicative of stress-corrosion cracking.

Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.

The secondary cooling water system pressure boundary of Savannah River Site reactors includes expansion joints utilizing a thin-wall bellows. While successfully used for over thirty years, an occasional replacement has been required because of the development of small, circumferential fatigue cracks in a bellows convolute. One such crack was recently shown to have initiated from a weld heat-affected zone liquation microcrack. The crack, initially open to the outer surface of the rolled and seam welded cylindrical bellows section, was closed when cold forming of the convolutes placed the outer surface in residual compression. However, the bellows was placed in tension when installed, and the tensile stresses reopened the microcrack. This five to eight grain diameter microcrack was extended by ductile fatigue processes. Initial extension was by relatively rapid propagation through the large-grained weld metal, followed by slower extension through the fine-grained base metal. A significant through-wall crack was not developed until the crack extended into the base metal on both sides of the weld. Leakage of cooling water was subsequently detected and the bellows removed and a replacement installed.

During a work over of an oil well, the 9% Ni steel production tubing parted three times as it was being pulled from the well. The tubing had performed satisfactorily for more than 30 years in the well A representative failure, a circumferential fracture in a connection, was analyzed. Reported to be a hydril CS connection, the pin end parted near the last threads. The external surface exhibited mechanical damage marks from the fishing operation. No signs of external corrosion or damage were detected. Visual surface examination revealed shear lips at the outside pipe, indicating that the fracture initiated at the inside surface and grew across the wall. Longitudinal cross sections revealed heavy corrosion damage to the inside pipe surface. Metallographic examination indicated that the tubing failed as a result of severe weakening from internal corrosion. Gray-colored corrosion deposits, which penetrated the pipe throughout the grain boundaries of the material and concentrated in the matrix in a layer near the inside surface of the pipe, were observed. The presence of H2S in the produced fluids and the appearance of the gray deposit indicated that the tube suffered H2S corrosion. Chemical analysis of the base metal and corrosion deposits did not detect iron or nickel sulfides, however Replacement of the remaining pipe strings according to a scheduled program was recommended. Because 9% Ni steel was not available, 13% Cr martensitic stainless steel was recommended as a replacement.