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E-Brite
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract An E-Brite /Ferralium explosively bonded tube sheet in a nitric acid condenser was removed from service because of corrosion. Visual and metallographic examination of tube sheet samples revealed severe cracking in the heat-affected zone between the outer tubes and the weld joining...
Abstract
An E-Brite /Ferralium explosively bonded tube sheet in a nitric acid condenser was removed from service because of corrosion. Visual and metallographic examination of tube sheet samples revealed severe cracking in the heat-affected zone between the outer tubes and the weld joining the tube sheet to the floating skirt. Cracks penetrated deep into the tube sheet, and occasionally into the tube walls. The microstructures of both alloys and of the weld appeared normal. Intergranular corrosion characteristic of end-grain attack was apparent. A low dead spot at the skirt / tube sheet joint allowed the Nox to condense and subsequently reboil. This, coupled with repeated repair welding in the area, reduced resistance to acid attack. Intergranular corrosion continued until failure. Recommendations included changing operating parameter inlet to prevent HNO3 condensation outside the inlet and replacement of the floating skirt with virgin material (i.e., material unaffected by weld repairs).
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 34 Top view of a longitudinal weld in 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) E-Brite ferritic stainless steel plate showing intergranular corrosion. The weld was made with matching filler metal. About 4×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 35 Intergranular corrosion of a contaminated E-Brite ferritic stainless steel weld. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. 200×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Intergranular corrosion of the inside surface heat-affected zone of E-Brite stainless steel adjacent to the weld fusion line. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. 100×
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 34 Top view of a longitudinal weld in 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) E-Brite ferritic stainless steel plate showing intergranular corrosion. The weld was made with matching filler metal. Original magnification: ~4×
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 35 Intergranular corrosion of a contaminated E-Brite ferritic stainless steel weld. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. Original magnification: 200×
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 36 Intergranular corrosion of the inside surface heat-affected zone of E-Brite stainless steel adjacent to the weld fusion line. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. Original magnification: 100×
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Image
in Leaking Welds in a Ferritic Stainless Steel Wastewater Vaporizer
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Top view of a longitudinal weld in 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) E-Brite ferritic stainless steel plate showing intergranular corrosion. The weld was made with matching filler metal. About 4×
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Image
in Leaking Welds in a Ferritic Stainless Steel Wastewater Vaporizer
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Intergranular corrosion of a contaminated E-Brite ferritic stainless steel weld. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. 200×
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Image
in Leaking Welds in a Ferritic Stainless Steel Wastewater Vaporizer
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Intergranular corrosion of the inside surface heat-affected zone of E-Brite stainless steel adjacent to the weld fusion line. Electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid. 100×
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0091362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract A nozzle in a wastewater vaporizer began leaking after approximately three years of service with acetic and formic acid wastewaters at 105 deg C (225 deg F) and 414 kPa (60 psig). The shell of the vessel was weld fabricated from 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) E-Brite stainless steel plate...
Abstract
A nozzle in a wastewater vaporizer began leaking after approximately three years of service with acetic and formic acid wastewaters at 105 deg C (225 deg F) and 414 kPa (60 psig). The shell of the vessel was weld fabricated from 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) E-Brite stainless steel plate and measured 1.5 m (58 in.) in diameter and 8.5 m (28 ft) in length. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, radiography, dye-penetrant inspection, and hydrostatic testing of all E-Brite welds, 4x images, 100x/200x images electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid, and V-notch Charpy testing) supported the conclusion that failure of the nozzle weld was the result of intergranular corrosion caused by the pickup of interstitial elements and subsequent precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides. Carbon pickup was believed to have been caused by inadequate joint cleaning prior to welding. The increase in the weld nitrogen level was a direct result of inadequate argon gas shielding of the molten weld puddle. Two areas of inadequate shielding were identified: improper gas flow rate for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diam gas lens nozzle, and contamination of the manifold gas system. Recommendations included changes in the cleaning and welding process.
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in Intergranular Corrosion in an E-Brite-Clad Ferralium Tube Sheet in Nitric Acid Service
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Microstructure showing end-grain corrosion in the explosively bonded outer E-Brite layer.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... polarization diagrams. i , current; i o , exchange current; E corr , corrosion potential Furthermore, when the two metals are electrically connected, the anodic current to the steel must be supplied by the copper; that is, the algebraic sum of the anodic and cathodic currents must equal 0...
Abstract
This article addresses the forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. It describes the mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion such as galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and velocity-affected corrosion. The article contains a table that lists combinations of alloys and environments subjected to selective leaching and the elements removed by leaching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of the total anodic current for steel and the total cathodic current for copper in this application as a function of potential ( Fig. 4 ). Fig. 4 Prediction of coupled potential and galvanic current from polarization diagrams. i , current; i o , exchange current; E corr , corrosion potential...
Abstract
Corrosion is the electrochemical reaction of a material and its environment. This article addresses those forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. Various forms of corrosion covered are galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, selective leaching, and velocity-affected corrosion. In particular, mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion, as well as evaluation and factors contributing to these forms, are described. These reviews of corrosion forms and mechanisms are intended to assist the reader in developing an understanding of the underlying principles of corrosion; acquiring such an understanding is the first step in recognizing and analyzing corrosion-related failures and in formulating preventive measures.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... diameter center rod; 3600 rpm; spring load on opposing tapered retaining rings; accelerometer coupled with a shutdown device; drip-feed lubrication; stress per ball typically 6 GPa (870 ksi) Ref 26 (e) Cylinder-to-ball testing apparatus Symmetrical arrangement of two 19 mm ( 3 4...
Abstract
A major cause of failure in components subjected to rolling or rolling/sliding contacts is contact fatigue. This article focuses on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of overlay coatings such as those deposited by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and thermal spraying (TS). It provides a background to RCF in bearing steels in order to develop an understanding of failure modes in overlay coatings. The article describes the underpinning failure mechanisms of TiN and diamond-like carbon coatings. It presents an insight into the design considerations of coating-substrate material properties, coating thickness, and coating processes to combat RCF failure in TS coatings.