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1-17 of 17 Search Results for
Driers
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Failures of gray cast iron paper-roll driers. (a) Axial-shell failure. (b) Circumferential-shell failure
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Image
in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 117 Failures of gray cast iron paper-roll driers. (a) Axial-shell failure. (b) Circumferential-shell failure
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Image
in Shell and Head Cracking in Gray Cast Iron Paper Machine Dryer Rolls
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Failures of gray cast iron paper-roll driers. (a) Axial-shell failure. (b) Circumferential-shell failure
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c0089567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... Abstract A paper drier head manufactured from gray cast iron was removed from service as a result of NDE detection of crack-like surface discontinuities. This component was subjected to internal steam pressure to provide heat energy for drying. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical...
Abstract
A paper drier head manufactured from gray cast iron was removed from service as a result of NDE detection of crack-like surface discontinuities. This component was subjected to internal steam pressure to provide heat energy for drying. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, mechanical testing, as-polished 54x magnification, etched with nital 33x/54x/215x/230x magnification) supported the conclusions that the NDE indications were the consequence of a cold-shut condition in the casting. The cold shut served as a stress-concentration site and was therefore a potential source of crack initiation. The combination of low material strength and a casting defect was a potential source of unexpected fracture during service, because the component was under pressure from steam. Recommendations included removing other dryer heads exhibiting similar discontinuities and/or material quality from service.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the 12 o'clock position. (b) At the 9 o'clock position, with arrow indicating a surface defect. (c) At the 6 o'clock position. All approximately 0.2×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Microstructures of the gray-iron drier head shown in Fig. 16 . (a) Typical graphite distribution in the casting—type A, size 4 graphite. As-polished. 54×. (b) The matrix microstructure consists of ferrite with approximately 10% pearlite and 15% steadite. Etched with nital. 54×. (c
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the 12 o’clock position. (b) At the 9 o’clock position, with arrow indicating a surface defect. (c) At the 6 o’clock position. Original magnification of all: 0.2×
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Microstructures of the gray iron drier head shown in Fig. 4 . (a) Typical graphite distribution in the casting—type A, size 4 graphite. As-polished. Original magnification: 54×. (b) The matrix microstructure consists of ferrite with approximately 10% pearlite and 15% steadite. Etched
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Image
in Gray-Iron Paper-Drier Head Removed from Service
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the 12 o'clock position. (b) At the 9 o'clock position, with arrow indicating a surface defect. (c) At the 6 o'clock position. All approximately 0.2x
More
Image
in Gray-Iron Paper-Drier Head Removed from Service
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Microstructures of the gray-iron drier head shown in Fig. 16. (a) Typical graphite distribution in the casting—type A, size 4 graphite. As-polished. 54x. (b) The matrix microstructure consists of ferrite with approximately 10% pearlite and 15% steadite. Etched with nital. 54x. (c
More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Driers Leakage Welded joints 18-8-Ti 18-10-3Mo Stress-corrosion cracking Five cylinders out of a group of nine in a drying machine developed leaks after a few months service in a textile mill. The construction of the cylinders was as shown in Figure 1 , each end of the body cylinder being...
Abstract
Five cylinders out of a group of nine in a drying machine developed leaks after a few months service in a textile mill. Leakage was reported from locations between the hoop and body and from the circumferential welds. The materials in the affected area were 18/8 Ti and 18/10/3/Mo austenitic stainless steels. Examination of the cracks at high magnification revealed them to be of the stress-corrosion type. The welds were of satisfactory quality. Cracking was also visible at these locations, this again being of the stress corrosion type. The method of cylinder construction introduced a crevice between the outer hoop and the cylinder at the inboard edge so that during washing of the rolls, water could penetrate the crevice and subsequent heating would lead to the concentration of chlorides within the crevice. Redesign of the cylinder to eliminate the crevice was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c0048804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... pointing in the direction of the probable origin of failure. Heavy rust, patches of oil, or other contaminants can indicate the existence of cracks older than the final failure. Fig. 1 Failures of gray cast iron paper-roll driers. (a) Axial-shell failure. (b) Circumferential-shell failure...
Abstract
Several cases of failures in gray cast iron paper machine dryer rolls were evaluated. The rolls were found have ground outer cylindrical surfaces on which the paper web is dried. They were found to rotate about their longitudinal axes at speeds from 50 to 250 rpm while containing saturated steam from 35 to 380 kPa. Failures were found to occur in the shell body, in a head near a hand hole or a manhole opening, or in a head near the journal-to-head interface. A cleavage fracture was revealed by scanning electron microscopy regardless of the driving stress for failure. Fracture surface were found to exhibit chevron marks typical of fatigue or raised points or tears pointing in the direction of the probable origin of failure. The characteristics of the thinwall cast iron structures like the variation in composition due to pouring from multiple ladles, variation in solidification rates, and variation in tensile strength to be noted during inspection were described.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Abstract
The information provided in this article is intended for those individuals who want to determine why a casting component failed to perform its intended purpose. It is also intended to provide insights for potential casting applications so that the likelihood of failure to perform the intended function is decreased. The article addresses factors that may cause failures in castings for each metal type, starting with gray iron and progressing to ductile iron, steel, aluminum, and copper-base alloys. It describes the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting material, production method, and/or design. The article also addresses conditions related to the casting process but not specific to any metal group, including misruns, pour shorts, broken cores, and foundry expertise. The discussion in each casting metal group includes factors concerning defects that can occur specific to the metal group and progress from melting to solidification, casting processing, and finally how the removal of the mold material can affect performance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Abstract
This article focuses on the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting process, casting material, and design with examples. The casting processes discussed include gravity die casting, pressure die casting, semisolid casting, squeeze casting, and centrifugal casting. Cast iron, gray cast iron, malleable irons, ductile iron, low-alloy steel castings, austenitic steels, corrosion-resistant castings, and cast aluminum alloys are the materials discussed. The article describes the general types of discontinuities or imperfections for traditional casting with sand molds. It presents the international classification of common casting defects in a tabular form.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.9781627083294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of using unsuitable alloys, metallurgical discontinuities, fabrication practices, and stress raisers on the failure of a pressure vessel. It provides information on pressure vessels made of composite materials and their welding practices. The article explains the failure of pressure vessels with emphasis on stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, brittle and ductile fractures, creep and stress rupture, and fatigue with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Abstract
This article discusses pressure vessels, piping, and associated pressure-boundary items of the types used in nuclear and conventional power plants, refineries, and chemical-processing plants. It begins by explaining the necessity of conducting a failure analysis, followed by the objectives of a failure analysis. Then, the article discusses the processes involved in failure analysis, including codes and standards. Next, fabrication flaws that can develop into failures of in-service pressure vessels and piping are covered. This is followed by sections discussing in-service mechanical and metallurgical failures, environment-assisted cracking failures, and other damage mechanisms that induce cracking failures. Finally, the article provides information on inspection practices.