Fig. 25 Comparison of the residual stress on the tooth pitch diameter found in two different types of hardened steel gears in new and used conditions using XRD. (a) Pinion gears. (b) Sun gears More

Fig. 26 Comparison of the residual stress on the inner diameter of shot-peened coil springs in new and used conditions using XRD More

Fig. 37 (a) Abusive grinding caused this 50 mm (2 in.) diameter AISI O1 tool steel die to crack (left, after dye-penetrant inspection). (b) Typical appearance of the cracks (etchant has bled out of the crack, producing a stain around it). Specimen etched with nital More

Fig. 4 Vertical section planes. L , cylinder diameter. (a) A schematic fracture surface of area S enclosed in the cylindrical reference volume. (b) Fracture surface in (a) sectioned by vertical sectioning planes. The vertical planes are the sectioning planes that contain (or are parallel More

Fig. 23 Fatigue cracking from the outside diameter (OD) of the sleeve (large arrow). Area between small arrows shows evidence of ductile shear at OD surface. More

Fig. 24 Network of microcracks (arrows) on the outside diameter surface of the sleeve (lower portion of the micrograph). More

Fig. 25 Microstructure of cross section through outside diameter surface of sleeve adjacent to fracture. Fracture surface is along top of micrograph. Outside diameter surface is along right side of the micrograph. Note slip banding (arrows) emanating from microcrack. 116× More

Fig. 25 Micrograph of a seam in a cross section of a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter medium-carbon steel bar showing oxide and decarburization in the seam. 350× More

Fig. 27 Erosion damage from the bore to just below the outside-diameter surface of an AISI H13 nozzle from a zinc die casting die. Actual size More

Fig. 8 Streamlines for water in pipe of variable diameter. Source: Ref 24 More

Fig. 4 Surface of 1100-O aluminum eroded by 700 μm diameter spherical steel shot at 60° impact angle More

Fig. 12 Cast iron suction bell, 455 mm (18 in.) in diameter, from a low-pressure general service water pump that failed by cavitation erosion after about 5 years of service. Note the deeply pitted surface and the irregular shape of the erosion pattern, both of which are typical characteristics More

Fig. 29 Large-diameter 4140 steel radar-antenna bearing that failed because of improper heat treatment of outer-ring raceway. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Fractograph showing typical damage on outer-ring raceway. (c) Micrograph of section through metal in outer ring More

Fig. 2 Fatigue fracture of a locomotive spring with a bar diameter of 36 mm (1 7 16 in.). (a) A step (shown by arrow) is visible at the fracture surface near the inner diameter of the spring. A seam is visible, extending from the step. 0.6×. (b) Higher magnification (1.7×) of thumb More

Fig. 50(a) Erosion damage from the bore to just below the outside-diameter surface of an AISI H13 nozzle from a zinc die-casting die. Actual size More

Fig. 8 Thin-lip rupture in a 64-mm (2 1 2 -in.) outside-diameter × 2.7-mm (0.105-in.) wall thickness carbon steel furnace-wall tube that was caused by rapid overheating. Knife-edge wall thinning at longitudinal main rupture is shown in cross section in the inset. Note secondary More

Fig. 34 Cast iron suction bell, 455 mm (18 in.) in diameter, from a low-pressure general service water pump that failed by cavitation erosion after about 5 years of service. Note the deeply pitted surface and the irregular shape of the erosion pattern, both of which are typical characteristics More

Fig. 1 Pitted inside-diameter surface of AISI type 410 stainless steel tube. (a) Typical example of pitting. Approximately 2 1 2 ×. (b) Enlargement of pit shown in (a). Approximately 50× More

Fig. 2(b) Micrograph of outside-diameter surface of failed pipe in Fig. 2(a) . Hydrogen attack had progressed about three-fourths through the wall thickness. 18× More

Fig. 2(c) Micrograph of inside-diameter surface of failed pipe in Fig. 2(b) showing severe decarburization and fissuring. 180× More