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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006944
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... crazing and fracture in polymeric materials, with a review of the behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of temperature or time parameters, emphasizing the importance of the viscoelastic nature of their deformation and fracture. The discussion covers the behavior of polymers under stress, provides...
Abstract
The discussion on the fracture of solid materials, both metals and polymers, customarily begins with a presentation of the stress-strain behavior and of how various conditions such as temperature and strain-rate affect the mechanisms of deformation and fracture. This article describes crazing and fracture in polymeric materials, with a review of the behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of temperature or time parameters, emphasizing the importance of the viscoelastic nature of their deformation and fracture. The discussion covers the behavior of polymers under stress, provides information on ductile and brittle behaviors, and describes craze initiation in polymers and crack formation and fracture by crazing. Macroscopic permanent deformation of polymeric materials caused by shear-yielding and crazing, which eventually can result in fracture and failure, is also covered.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Crazing fibrils in linear polyethylene (density, 0.964 g/cm 3 )
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Image
Optical images of crazing in bend specimens using phthalate plasticizer on ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 10 Optical images of crazing in bend specimens using phthalate plasticizer on the top surface of the specimen; (a) crazes in PMMA polymer, (b) crazes in PET polymer
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Image
Crazing fibrils in HDPE (density, 0.964 g/cm 3 ). (a) Presence of fibrils b...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 12 Crazing fibrils in HDPE (density, 0.964 g/cm 3 ). (a) Presence of fibrils bridging the craze, (b) Presence of discrete crazes at the tip of the main craze
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Image
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 16 Comparison of crazing stress and shear-yielding stress on σ 1 and σ 2 biaxial section. Adapted from Ref 32
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SEM images of Ultem 1000 showing patch pattern indicating crazing. (a) Rect...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 19 SEM images of Ultem 1000 showing patch pattern indicating crazing. (a) Rectangular patches indicative of crazing. Magnification 250x. (b) Stretching at the edges of the patches. Magnification 1.50k×
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Critical strain for the crazing or cracking of swollen polysulfone as a fun...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 3 Critical strain for the crazing or cracking of swollen polysulfone as a function of the glass transition temperature, T g , of solvent-equilibrated films. Source: Ref 33
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Book Chapter
Solvent-Induced Cracking Failure of Polycarbonate Ophthalmic Lenses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Metal-framed polycarbonate (PC) ophthalmic lenses shattered from acetone solvent-induced cracking. The lenses exhibited primary and secondary cracks with solvent swelling and crazing. A laboratory accident splashed acetone onto the lenses. The metal frames gripped approximately two...
Abstract
Metal-framed polycarbonate (PC) ophthalmic lenses shattered from acetone solvent-induced cracking. The lenses exhibited primary and secondary cracks with solvent swelling and crazing. A laboratory accident splashed acetone onto the lenses. The metal frames gripped approximately two-thirds of the lenses' periphery and introduced an unevenly distributed force on the lenses. To prevent future failures, it was recommended to protect PC from service environments with solvents, such as acetone; or from marking pens, adhesives or soaps which contain undesirable solvents; and to not apply excessive stress on ophthalmic lenses in the form of working or residual stresses.
Book Chapter
Service Propulsion System Fuel Tanks
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0091727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
...-corrosion resulting from contamination during misprocessing of the vessels. However, another vessel underwent a more severe testing procedure and failed catastrophically. Further investigation supported the conclusion that the failure cause was SCC of titanium in methanol. Attack is promoted by crazing...
Abstract
During an acceptance test of the Apollo spacecraft 101 service module prior to delivery, an SPS fuel pressure vessel (SN054) (titanium Ti-6Al-4V, approximately 1.2 m (4 ft) in diam and 3 m (10 ft) long) containing methanol developed cracks adjacent to the welds. The test was stopped. This acceptance test had been run 38 times on similar pressure vessels without problems. The methanol was a safe-fluid replacement for the storable hypergolic fuels (blend of 50% hydrazine and 50% unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine). Investigation (visual inspection and 65X images) showed similarities to stress-corrosion resulting from contamination during misprocessing of the vessels. However, another vessel underwent a more severe testing procedure and failed catastrophically. Further investigation supported the conclusion that the failure cause was SCC of titanium in methanol. Attack is promoted by crazing of the protective oxide film. It was learned that minor changes in the testing procedures could inhibit or accelerate the reaction. Recommendations included replacing the methanol with a suitable alternate fluid. Isopropyl alcohol was chosen after considerable testing. This incident further resulted in the imposition of a control specification (MF0004-018) for all fluids that contact titanium for existing and future space designs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... that contain oriented polymeric material. The resulting region consisting of voids and fibrils is known as a craze ( Fig. 4 ). The long-chain nature of polymers is responsible for crazing. Without the long chains, it would not be possible to form the fibrils that span the craze and prevent the conversion...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle fracture modes. Several case studies of field failure in various polymers are also presented to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Fracture of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... In contrast, cavitation processes in polymers can dominate the plastic deformation. These voids do not coalesce into a crack, but instead become stabilized by fibrils containing oriented polymeric material. The resulting region consisting of voids and fibrils is known as a craze ( Fig. 4 ). The long-chain...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
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Crack-growth progression in miniature single-edge notched-bend specimen of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
crack growth. Most notably there is a large craze fibril that is still intact near the crack tip. (b) The leading craze fibril has now ruptured. Greater detail of the ruptured craze fibrils can be observed at this magnification. (c) Largest extent of crack growth in the specimen. The image captures
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Image
Crazed pattern of thermal fatigue cracking on the outer surface of a stainl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Crazed pattern of thermal fatigue cracking on the outer surface of a stainless steel tube. See also Fig. 37 . Approximately 4×
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Image
A thinned section of fatigue-cracked polypropylene specimen. Crazes are vis...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 A thinned section of fatigue-cracked polypropylene specimen. Crazes are visible surrounding and preceding the crack. 8×
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Image
Fatigue-crack initiation in polystyrene from a V-notch. Note crazes surroun...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Fatigue-crack initiation in polystyrene from a V-notch. Note crazes surrounding and preceding the crack. 37×
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Image
Craze formation in a polycarbonate polymer in tension under alcohol. Source...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Craze formation in a polycarbonate polymer in tension under alcohol. Source: Ref 37
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Image
A thinned section of fatigue-cracked polypropylene specimen. Crazes are vis...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 12 A thinned section of fatigue-cracked polypropylene specimen. Crazes are visible surrounding and preceding the crack.
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Image
Fatigue crack initiation in polystyrene from a V-notch. Note crazes surroun...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 13 Fatigue crack initiation in polystyrene from a V-notch. Note crazes surrounding and preceding the crack. 37×
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