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Connecting rods
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001742
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract In a helicopter engine connecting rod, high-cycle, low-stress fatigue fractures in bolts and arms progressed about 75% across the section before the final rupture. Factors involved were insufficient specified preload, inadequate tightening during assembly, and engine overspeed...
Abstract
In a helicopter engine connecting rod, high-cycle, low-stress fatigue fractures in bolts and arms progressed about 75% across the section before the final rupture. Factors involved were insufficient specified preload, inadequate tightening during assembly, and engine overspeed. The assigned main causes were design deficiency, improper maintenance during overhaul, and abnormal service operation. The problem can be solved by proper overhauling that ensures bolted assemblies are tightened evenly and accurately, in accordance with recommended torque values. Also, the manufacturer made various modifications, such as a thicker rod, fatigue resistant bolts, and more accurate preload measurements. The configuration of these rods were changed to a tongue-and-groove design to increase service life.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0047151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract A motorboat engine connecting rod forged from carbon steel fractured in two places and cracked at the small end during service. The analysis (visual inspection, 50x micrographs of sections etched with 2% nital, magnetic-particle inspection, and metallographic examination) supported...
Abstract
A motorboat engine connecting rod forged from carbon steel fractured in two places and cracked at the small end during service. The analysis (visual inspection, 50x micrographs of sections etched with 2% nital, magnetic-particle inspection, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the connecting rods were rendered susceptible to fatigue-crack initiation and propagation by the notch effect of coarse folds formed during the forging operation. One fracture was caused by fatigue resulting from operating stresses, and the other was a secondary tensile fracture. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract A connecting rod from a motor boat was broken in two places at the small end. At position I there was a fatigue fracture brought about by operational stress, whereas the fibrous fracture surface II was a secondary tensile fracture. Furthermore the transition on the other side...
Abstract
A connecting rod from a motor boat was broken in two places at the small end. At position I there was a fatigue fracture brought about by operational stress, whereas the fibrous fracture surface II was a secondary tensile fracture. Furthermore the transition on the other side of the rod was cracked symmetrically to the fatigue fracture (position III). Magnetic inspection showed indications of cracking at the transition between the rod and small end in six other connecting rods from the same batch. Metallographic investigation showed the connecting rods were rendered susceptible to fatigue by the notch effect of coarse scale-filled folds formed during forging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0046182
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... surfaces before machining and before putting the part into service. Connecting rods Forgings Nonmetallic inclusions 15B41 UNS H15411 Fatigue fracture Metalworking-related failures A connecting cap ( Fig. 1a ) from a truck engine fractured after 65,200 km (40,500 miles) of service. The cap...
Abstract
A connecting cap from a truck engine fractured after 65,200 km (40,500 mi) of normal service. The cap was made from a 15B41 steel forging and was hardened to 29 to 35 HRC. Visual examination of the fracture surface disclosed an open forging defect across one of the outer corners of the cap. The defect extended approximately 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) along the side of the cap. The fracture surface exhibited beach marks typical of fatigue. The surface of the defect was stained, indicating that oxidation occurred either in heat treatment or in heating during forging. Deep etching of the fracture surface revealed grain flow normal for this type of forging, but no visible defects. 400x metallographic examination of a section through the fracture surface showed that the microstructure was an acceptable tempered martensite. However, oxide inclusions were present at the fracture surface. This evidence supported the conclusion that fatigue fracture initiated at a corner of the cap from a forging defect that extended to the surface. Fatigue cracking was propagated by cyclic loading inherent in the part. Recommendations included more careful fluorescent magnetic-particle inspection of the forged surfaces before machining and before putting the part into service.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract A connecting rod (forged from 15B41 steel and heat treated to a hardness of 29 to 35 HRC) from a truck engine failed after 73,000 Km (45,300 mi) of service. A piece of the I-beam sidewall of the rod, about 6.4 cm (2 in.) long, was missing when the connecting rod arrived at a laboratory...
Abstract
A connecting rod (forged from 15B41 steel and heat treated to a hardness of 29 to 35 HRC) from a truck engine failed after 73,000 Km (45,300 mi) of service. A piece of the I-beam sidewall of the rod, about 6.4 cm (2 in.) long, was missing when the connecting rod arrived at a laboratory for testing. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x nital-etched micrograph, fluorescent magnetic-particle testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the rod failed in fatigue with the origin along the lap and located approximately 4.7 mm below the forged surface. The presence of oxides may have been a partial cause for the defect. Recommendations included better inspection of the forgings by fluorescent magnetic-particle testing before machining.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract One of the connecting rods of a vertical, four-cylinder engine with a cylinder diameter of 5 in. failed by fatigue cracking just below the gudgeon-pin boss. Failure took place in line with the lower edge of a deposit of weld metal. The fracture surface was smooth, conchoidal...
Abstract
One of the connecting rods of a vertical, four-cylinder engine with a cylinder diameter of 5 in. failed by fatigue cracking just below the gudgeon-pin boss. Failure took place in line with the lower edge of a deposit of weld metal. The fracture surface was smooth, conchoidal, and characteristic of that resulting from fatigue. The origin of the major crack was associated with a crescent-shaped area immediately below the weld deposit. This showed brittle fracture characteristics and appeared to be an initial crack that occurred at the time of welding and from which the fatigue crack subsequently developed. The rod was made from a medium carbon or low-alloy steel in the hardened and fully tempered condition. Evidence indicated that, following modification to the oil feed system, the rod that broke was returned to service with fine cracks present immediately below the weld deposit, which served as the starting points of the fatigue cracks. Following this accident, the remaining three rods (which had been modified in a similar manner) were replaced as a precautionary measure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047856
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract The master connecting rod of a reciprocating aircraft engine revealed cracks during routine inspection. The rods were forged from 4337 (AMS 6412) steel and heat treated to a specified hardness of 36 to 40 HRC. H-shaped cracks in the wall between the knuckle-pin flanges were revealed...
Abstract
The master connecting rod of a reciprocating aircraft engine revealed cracks during routine inspection. The rods were forged from 4337 (AMS 6412) steel and heat treated to a specified hardness of 36 to 40 HRC. H-shaped cracks in the wall between the knuckle-pin flanges were revealed by visual examination. The cracks were originated as circumferential cracks and then propagated transversely into the bearing-bore wall. No inclusions in the master rod were detected by magnetic-particle and x-ray inspection. Three large inclusions lying approximately parallel to the grain direction and fatigue beach marks around two of the inclusions were revealed by macroscopic examination of the fracture surface. Large nonmetallic inclusions that consisted of heavy concentrations of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) were revealed by microscopic examination of a section through the fracture origin. The forging vendors were notified about the excess size of the nonmetallic inclusions in the master connecting rods and a nondestructive-testing procedure for detection of large nonmetallic inclusions was established.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Failure of a connecting rod bolt in a diesel engine. In (a), the failed bolt is the upper one, having necked down in a nominally larger cross-sectional area. The lower bolt is another removed from the engine in unstretched condition. In (b), the stretched region of the bolt is shown
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Forged 4337 steel master connecting rod for a reciprocating aircraft engine that failed by fatigue cracking in the bore section between the flanges. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Fractograph showing inclusions (arrows) and fatigue beach marks
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Fracture surface of a hardened steel connecting rod. Arrows indicate large inclusions. Fatigue cracking initiated from the middle inclusion.
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in Failure of an Oil Engine Connecting Rod Arising from a Deposit of Weld Metal
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Problematic Failure Analysis of a Cast Steel Crankshaft[1]
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Problematic Failure Analysis of a Cast Steel Crankshaft[1]
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Effects of Decarburization in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Effects of Decarburization in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Effects of Decarburization in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 Fatigue fracture face of connecting rod failure (left). No nick was found, but surface decarburization and incipient fatigue cracks occurred at the same location.
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in Fatigue Cracking of a Forged 4337 Steel Master Connecting Rod Because of Nonmetallic Inclusions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Forged 4337 steel master connecting rod for a reciprocating aircraft engine that failed by fatigue cracking in the bore section between the flanges. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Fractograph showing inclusions (arrows) and fatigue beach marks
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in Helicopter Engine Connecting Rod Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Failed connecting rod pieces (left) show arrows that indicate mating fracture surfaces of fatigue fracture, in cap bolt at head-to-shank fillet. Right-hand photo shows fracture zones; origins ‘O’ are fatigued areas. Tiny overload zone is indicated by arrow.
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in Helicopter Engine Connecting Rod Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Connecting rod fatigue failure occurred at arm (arrow). Note both bolts failed in bending overload after arm fatigue fracture. The right-hand photo shows the surface of the arm fatigue failure; ‘O’ indicates origin.
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 4 Failure of a connecting rod bolt in a diesel engine. In (a), the failed bolt is the upper one, having necked down in a nominally larger cross-sectional area. The lower bolt is another removed from the engine in unstretched condition. In (b), the stretched region of the bolt is shown
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