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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001312
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract A copper condenser dashpot in a refrigeration plant failed prematurely. The dashpot was a long tubular component with a cup brazed at each end. Stereomicroscopic examination of the fracture surface at low magnification revealed a typical ductile mode of failure. The failure...
Abstract
A copper condenser dashpot in a refrigeration plant failed prematurely. The dashpot was a long tubular component with a cup brazed at each end. Stereomicroscopic examination of the fracture surface at low magnification revealed a typical ductile mode of failure. The failure was attributed to insufficient component thickness, which made the dashpot unable to withstand internal operating pressure, and to extensive annealing in the heat-affected zones of the brazed joints. It was recommended that the condenser dashpot design take into account the annealing effects of brazing. Hydrostatic testing at a pressure times greater than the maximum operating pressure prior to placing the component in service was also suggested.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Leaks developed in 22 admiralty brass condenser tubes. The tubes were part of a condenser that was being used to condense steam from a nuclear power plant and had been in operation for less than 2 years. Analysis identified three types of failure modes: stress-corrosion cracking...
Abstract
Leaks developed in 22 admiralty brass condenser tubes. The tubes were part of a condenser that was being used to condense steam from a nuclear power plant and had been in operation for less than 2 years. Analysis identified three types of failure modes: stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion under deposit (pitting and crevice), and dezincification. Fractures were transgranular and typical of stress-corrosion cracking. The primary cause of the corrosion deposit was low-flow conditions in those parts of the condenser where failure occurred. Maintenance of proper flow conditions was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Leaks developed at random locations in aluminum brass condenser tubes within the first year of operation of a steam condenser in a nuclear power plant. One failed tube underwent scanning electron microscopy surface examination and optical microscope metallography. It was determined...
Abstract
Leaks developed at random locations in aluminum brass condenser tubes within the first year of operation of a steam condenser in a nuclear power plant. One failed tube underwent scanning electron microscopy surface examination and optical microscope metallography. It was determined that the tube failed from crevice corrosion under seawater deposits that had formed on the inner surface. Mechanical cleaning of the condenser tubes every 6 months and installation of intake screens of smaller mesh size were recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... velocities. In the present study, steam turbine condenser tubes had to be renewed after 25 years of service. The tubes were nominally of 70:30 brass. The appearance of a typically corroded one showed uniform dezincification attack on the bore, extending from one-half to two-thirds through the tube wall...
Abstract
Dezincification is a particular form of corrosive attack which may occur in a variety of environments and to which some brasses are susceptible. It is favored by waters having a high oxygen, carbon dioxide, or chloride content, and is accelerated by elevated temperatures and low water velocities. In the present study, steam turbine condenser tubes had to be renewed after 25 years of service. The tubes were nominally of 70:30 brass. The appearance of a typically corroded one showed uniform dezincification attack on the bore, extending from one-half to two-thirds through the tube wall thickness.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract A detailed failure analysis was conducted on an ammonia refrigerant condenser tube component that failed catastrophically during its initial hours of operation. Evidence collected clearly demonstrated that the weld between a pipe and a dished end contained a sharp unfused region at its...
Abstract
A detailed failure analysis was conducted on an ammonia refrigerant condenser tube component that failed catastrophically during its initial hours of operation. Evidence collected clearly demonstrated that the weld between a pipe and a dished end contained a sharp unfused region at its root (lack of penetration). Component failure had started from this weld defect. The hydrogen absorbed during welding facilitated crack initiation from this weld defect during storage of the component after welding. Poor weld toughness at the low operating temperature facilitated crack growth during startup, culminating in catastrophic failure as soon as the crack exceeded critical length.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Inhibited admiralty brass (UNS C44300) condenser tubes used in a natural-gas-fired cogeneration plant failed during testing. Two samples, one from a leaking tube and the other from an on leaking tube, were examined. Chemical analyses were conducted on the tubes and corrosion deposits...
Abstract
Inhibited admiralty brass (UNS C44300) condenser tubes used in a natural-gas-fired cogeneration plant failed during testing. Two samples, one from a leaking tube and the other from an on leaking tube, were examined. Chemical analyses were conducted on the tubes and corrosion deposits. Stress-corrosion cracking was shown to have caused the failure. The most probable corrosive was ammonia or an ammonium compound in the presence of oxygen and water. All of the tubes were replaced.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract Failures occurred in admiralty brass condenser tubes in a nuclear plant cooled by freshwater. About 2500 tubes had to be replaced over a span of six years. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, water chemistry (for both intake and outfall), and corrosion products...
Abstract
Failures occurred in admiralty brass condenser tubes in a nuclear plant cooled by freshwater. About 2500 tubes had to be replaced over a span of six years. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, water chemistry (for both intake and outfall), and corrosion products in the operating system and on test coupons exposed to the operating environment) supported the conclusion that the failure was caused by microbe-initiated SCC. No recommendations were made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048702
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract An aluminum brass seawater surface condenser failed due to pitting after less than one year of service. Large pits filled with a green deposit were evidenced under the nonuniform black scale present over the entire inside surface of the tube. The black deposit was identified...
Abstract
An aluminum brass seawater surface condenser failed due to pitting after less than one year of service. Large pits filled with a green deposit were evidenced under the nonuniform black scale present over the entire inside surface of the tube. The black deposit was identified as primarily copper sulfide, with zinc and aluminum sulfides while the green deposit was revealed to be copper chloride. The combination of sulfide and chloride attack on the tubes was concluded to have resulted in the failure. Injection of ferrous sulfate upstream of the condenser which could aid the formation of protective oxide films was recommended.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Failed aluminum brass condenser tube from a saltwater heat exchanger. The tube failed from pitting caused by hydrogen sulfide and chlorides in the feedwater. (a) Cross section of tube showing deep pits and excessive metal wastage. 2 3 4 ×. (b) Higher magnification view of a pit
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. 3 1 2 ×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region below. 100×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Layout of a stainless steel reactor condenser that experienced pitting corrosion. VAM, vinyl acetate monomer. Source: Ref 20
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in Failure Analysis of Admiralty Brass Condenser Tubes
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 1 Condenser shell and tube support plates after washing with high-pressure water.
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in Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel by Potable Municipal Water in an Organic Chemical Plant
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 1 Layout of the reactor condenser.
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in Metallurgical Analysis to Evaluate Cracking in a 316L Grade Stainless Steel Spiral Heat Exchanger
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 1 Arrangement of condenser on distillation tower
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Failed aluminum brass condenser tube from a saltwater heat exchanger. The tube failed from pitting caused by hydrogen sulfide and chlorides in the feedwater. (a) Cross section of tube showing deep pits and excessive metal wastage. Original magnification: 2.75×. (b) Higher-magnification
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. Original magnification: 3.5×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 15 Layout of a stainless steel reactor condenser that experienced pitting corrosion. VAM, vinyl acetate monomer. Source: Ref 20
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Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 9 Schematic view of a fluorescent ultraviolet test chamber with condensation wetting and cooling from the back side of the test specimen
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in Aluminum/Refrigerant Reaction Resulting in the Failure of a Centrifugal Compressor
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 6 EDS elemental analysis results for the condenser inlet deposit
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