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Claddings, corrosion
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract A segment of a stainless steel clad bottom cone of an acid sulfite pulping batch digester failed from severe corrosion loss. The digester was fabricated of 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) low-carbon steel with 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) type 317L stainless steel cladding. The manufacturing method...
Abstract
A segment of a stainless steel clad bottom cone of an acid sulfite pulping batch digester failed from severe corrosion loss. The digester was fabricated of 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) low-carbon steel with 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) type 317L stainless steel cladding. The manufacturing method for the cladding was unknown. Visual and metallographic analyses indicated that the failure was from transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (TGSCC), which caused extensive cracking and spalling of the cladding and was localized in a segment of the bottom cone. The remainder of the digester cladding was unaffected. The TGSCC was attributed to high, locked-in residual stresses from the cladding process. It was recommended that the bottom cone replacement segment be stress relieved prior to installation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001695
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract Large quantities of aluminum-clad spent nuclear materials have been in interim storage in the fuel storage basins at The Savannah River Site while awaiting processing since 1989. This extended storage as a result of a moratorium on processing resulted in corrosion of the aluminum clad...
Abstract
Large quantities of aluminum-clad spent nuclear materials have been in interim storage in the fuel storage basins at The Savannah River Site while awaiting processing since 1989. This extended storage as a result of a moratorium on processing resulted in corrosion of the aluminum clad. Examinations of this fuel and other data from a corrosion surveillance program in the water basins have provided basic insight into the corrosion process and have resulted in improvements in the storage facilities and basin operations. Since these improvements were implemented, there has been no new initiation of pitting observed since 1993. This paper describes the corrosion of spent fuel and the metallographic examination of Mark 31A target slugs removed from the K-basin storage pool after 5 years of storage. It discusses the SRS Corrosion Surveillance Program and the improvements made to the storage facilities which have mitigated new corrosion in the basins.
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in Failure of an Inconel Clad Carbon Steel Inlet Cone of the Pandia Digester
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Failure of an Inconel Clad Carbon Steel Inlet Cone of the Pandia Digester
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract Corrosion failure occurred in a titanium clad tubesheet because of a corrosive tube-side gas-liquid mixture leaking through fatigue cracks in the seal welds at tube-to-tubesheet joints. The tubesheet was a carbon steel plate clad with titanium on the tube side face. The seal weld...
Abstract
Corrosion failure occurred in a titanium clad tubesheet because of a corrosive tube-side gas-liquid mixture leaking through fatigue cracks in the seal welds at tube-to-tubesheet joints. The tubesheet was a carbon steel plate clad with titanium on the tube side face. The seal weld cracks were initiated by cyclic stress imposed by exchanger tubes. The gas-liquid mixture passed through cracks under tube-side pressure, resulting in severe corrosion of the steel backing plate. The failure started with the loosening of the expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints. Loose joints allowed the exchanger tubes to impose load on seal welds and the shell side cooling water entered the crevice between the tubesheet and the tubes. The cooling water in the crevice caused galvanic reaction and embrittlement of seal welds. Brittle crack opening and crack propagation in seal welds occurred due to the cyclic stress imposed by the tubes. The cyclic stress arised from the thermal cycling of the heat exchanger. The possible effects of material properties on the failure of the tubesheet are discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract An E-Brite /Ferralium explosively bonded tube sheet in a nitric acid condenser was removed from service because of corrosion. Visual and metallographic examination of tube sheet samples revealed severe cracking in the heat-affected zone between the outer tubes and the weld joining...
Abstract
An E-Brite /Ferralium explosively bonded tube sheet in a nitric acid condenser was removed from service because of corrosion. Visual and metallographic examination of tube sheet samples revealed severe cracking in the heat-affected zone between the outer tubes and the weld joining the tube sheet to the floating skirt. Cracks penetrated deep into the tube sheet, and occasionally into the tube walls. The microstructures of both alloys and of the weld appeared normal. Intergranular corrosion characteristic of end-grain attack was apparent. A low dead spot at the skirt / tube sheet joint allowed the Nox to condense and subsequently reboil. This, coupled with repeated repair welding in the area, reduced resistance to acid attack. Intergranular corrosion continued until failure. Recommendations included changing operating parameter inlet to prevent HNO3 condensation outside the inlet and replacement of the floating skirt with virgin material (i.e., material unaffected by weld repairs).
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... Abstract An Inconel-clad SA-212 Grade B carbon steel inlet cone with an anticipated 25-year service life failed in a localized area after only seven years of service. The failure was caused by an erosion/corrosion leak at the midsection. Erosion/corrosion was confined to a localized area...
Abstract
An Inconel-clad SA-212 Grade B carbon steel inlet cone with an anticipated 25-year service life failed in a localized area after only seven years of service. The failure was caused by an erosion/corrosion leak at the midsection. Erosion/corrosion was confined to a localized area directly facing the steam inlet nozzle. The Inconel cladding was intact elsewhere in the inlet cone with insignificant corrosion-related degradation. In the absence of the conditions that led to erosion/corrosion, the Inconel clad carbon steel was considered adequate for the intended service. As a corrective measure, a solid Inconel liner was recommended in the areas of direct steam impingement.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
.... Aluminum cladding Spent nuclear fuel Storage racks 6061 UNS A96061 Exfoliation corrosion Pitting corrosion Introduction Aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel, irradiated in the reactors at the Savannah River Site (SRS), is stored in concrete lined, water-filled basins located at the individual...
Abstract
Aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel is stored in water filled basins at the Savannah River Site awaiting processing or other disposition. After more than 35 years of service underwater, the aluminum storage racks that position the fuel bundles in the basin were replaced. During the removal of the racks from the basin, a failure occurred in one of the racks and the Savannah River Technology Center was asked to investigate. This paper presents the results of the failure analysis and provides a discussion of the effects of corrosion on the structural integrity of the storage racks.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
.... Deep corrosion fissures then developed at hot crack sites as a result of crevice corrosion. Use of the appropriate overlay material was recommended. Claddings, corrosion Wood products 309 UNS S30900 Crevice corrosion Surface treatment related failures Background Routine inspections...
Abstract
Routine inspections of a carbon steel wood pulp digester revealed a sharply increasing number of cracks in the overlay metal on the internal surface of the digester after 1 and 2 years of service. The weld overlay was composed of type 309 stainless steel on the top fourth of the digester and of a proprietary high-nickel material on the bottom three-fourths. Examination revealed three distinct modes of deterioration. General corrosion was linked to the use of unspecified overlay metal. Cracking resulted during installation from the use of a material susceptible to hot cracking. Deep corrosion fissures then developed at hot crack sites as a result of crevice corrosion. Use of the appropriate overlay material was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... possesses a great corrosion resistance [ 1 ], the high production cost has restricted the individual application of this alloy. As a result, cladding procedure is applied to cover more economical materials with Inconel superalloy. Though fusion welding and cladding processes are inexpensive, available...
Abstract
Explosive cladding is a viable method for cladding different materials together, but the complicated behavior of materials under ballistic impacts raises the probability of interfacial shear failure. To better understand the relationship between impact energy and interfacial shear, investigators conducted an extensive study on the shear strength of explosively cladded Inconel 625 and plain carbon steel samples. They found that by increasing impact energy, the adhesion strength of the resulting cladding can be improved. Beyond a certain point, however, additional impact energy reduces shear strength significantly, causing the cladding process to fail. The findings reveal the decisive role of plastic strain localization and the associated development of microcracks in cladding failures. An attempt is thus made to determine the optimum cladding parameters for the materials of interest.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... malfunction was attributed to the accelerated dissolution of the carbon steel anode top, dislodgment of grains from the material, and subsequent closing of the small annular space between the anode and the cathode by debris from the anode top. Cladding of the carbon steel top with a corrosion-resistant...
Abstract
Nickel anodes failed in several electrolysis cells in a heavy-water upgrading plant. Dismantling of a cell revealed gouging and the presence of loosely attached black porous masses on the anode. The carbon steel top, plate was severely corroded. An appreciable quantity of black powder was also present on the bottom or the cell. SEM/EDX studies of the outer and inner surfaces of the gouged anode showed the presence of iron globules at the interface between the gouged and the unattacked anode. The chemical composition of the black powder was determined to be primarily iron. Cell malfunction was attributed to the accelerated dissolution of the carbon steel anode top, dislodgment of grains from the material, and subsequent closing of the small annular space between the anode and the cathode by debris from the anode top. Cladding of the carbon steel top with a corrosion-resistant material, such as nickel, nickel-base alloy, or stainless steel, was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... was replaced with an Inconel clad carbon steel inlet cone to combat the SCC. Chlorides Inlet cones Paper machines 304L UNS S30403 Stress-corrosion cracking The Pandia digester is a long cylindrical vessel which uses alkaline sulfite liquor to cook sawdust for pulping. The cylindrical vessel...
Abstract
The Pandia digester is a long cylindrical vessel which uses alkaline sulfite liquor to cook sawdust for pulping. The inlet cone was fabricated from AISI 304L stainless steel with E308 welds. Typical liquor concentration was approximately 80% NaOH, 20% Na2SO3 with chloride concentrations at 2 grams per liter. The operating pressures in the inlet cone were up to 1.2 MN/sq m (170 psig). The inlet cone had developed leaks within a year of service. Liquid penetrant inspection showed significant through-wall cracking near the fillet welds joining the bottom flange and side wall and the butt welds. Metallographic specimens were prepared from the welds to examine the microstructure and nature of the cracks. The cooking liquor at the inlet cone contained over ppm chlorides and was aggressive to 304 stainless steel. The cracking was identified as chloride-induced SCC. The inlet cone was replaced with an Inconel clad carbon steel inlet cone to combat the SCC.
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in Failure of an Inconel Clad Carbon Steel Inlet Cone of the Pandia Digester
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Pulp and Paper Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Metallographic cross section of erosion/corrosion cavity in the Inconel cladding. Magnification 4×
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in Failure of a Type 317L Stainless Steel Clad Bottom Cone of an Acid Sulfite Pulping Batch Digester
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 1 Morphology of corrosion on the affected segment. Type 317L stainless steel cladding was absent in more than 50% of the area.
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in Failure of a Type 317L Stainless Steel Clad Bottom Cone of an Acid Sulfite Pulping Batch Digester
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 2 Hemispherical corrosion pits in the exposed carbon steel base metal. Remaining stainless steel cladding appears as gray islands.
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in Failure of a Type 317L Stainless Steel Clad Bottom Cone of an Acid Sulfite Pulping Batch Digester
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Disintegration of stainless steel cladding from TGSCC, resulting in exposure of carbon steel base metal and hemispherical corrosion pits.
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in The Corrosion of Aluminum-Clad Nuclear Fuel in Wet Basin Storage
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Four typical pit types found on slugs: (a) shallow corrosion penetration of core, (b) deeper penetration, (c) vertical penetration of core, (d) bubble formed under aluminum cladding.
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Published: 01 January 2002
. A nonmetallic stirrer would be better. At right, the distance from a metal container to a heater coil should be increased to minimize ion transfer. (f) Wood treated with copper preservatives can be corrosive to certain nails. Aluminum cladding can also be at risk. (g) Contact of two metals through a fluid trap
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Published: 15 January 2021
deposit on the aluminum stirrer. A nonmetallic stirrer would be better. At right, the distance from a metal container to a heater coil should be increased to minimize ion transfer. (f) Wood treated with copper preservatives can be corrosive to certain nails. Aluminum cladding can also be at risk. (g
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... and straightened for use. Fractography established that fracture occurred by stress-corrosion cracking. The cracks originated at rusted areas on the cladding that occurred under iron particles left on the surface during manufacture. High hardness values indicated that solution annealing following cold working had...
Abstract
Cracking occurred in type 304L stainless steel sheaths on nichrome wire heaters that had been in storage for about 5 years in a coastal atmosphere. The cracks were discovered when the heater coils were removed from storage in their original polyethylene packing materials and straightened for use. Fractography established that fracture occurred by stress-corrosion cracking. The cracks originated at rusted areas on the cladding that occurred under iron particles left on the surface during manufacture. High hardness values indicated that solution annealing following cold working had not been carried out as specified. It was recommended that the sheathing material be fully annealed and that the outer surface be pickled and passivated.
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