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Chromium plating
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0046366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract Several large chromium-plated 4340 steel cylinders were removed from service because of deep longitudinal score marks in the plating. One of the damaged cylinders and a mating cast aluminum alloy B850-T5 bearing adapter that also exhibited deep longitudinal score marks were submitted...
Abstract
Several large chromium-plated 4340 steel cylinders were removed from service because of deep longitudinal score marks in the plating. One of the damaged cylinders and a mating cast aluminum alloy B850-T5 bearing adapter that also exhibited deep longitudinal score marks were submitted for examination. Analysis (visual inspection, manual testing of the hardness and adherence of the chromium plating, 100x microscopic examination, and hardness testing) supported the conclusions that high localized loads on the cylinder had resulted in chipping of the chromium plating, particles of which became embedded in the aluminum alloy adapter. The sliding action of the adapter with embedded hard particles resulted in scoring of both the cylinder and the adapter. If the cylinder alone had been available for examination, it might have been concluded that the scoring had been caused by entrapped sand or debris from an external source. No recommendations were made.
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in Cracking in an Aircraft Main Landing Gear Sliding Strut
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 2 Indications of cracking in the hard chromium plating (arrow) at the axle (lower) end. Note the banded appearance of the cracking.
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in Cracking in an Aircraft Main Landing Gear Sliding Strut
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 8 Section through the cracking adjacent to the chromium plating runout.C,chromium; S,steel.The arrows indicate regions of transgranular cracking produced by fatigue, which grew from the intergranular crack tips.2% nital etch.
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in Scoring Damage Caused by Chipping of Chromium Plating on a Cylinder
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Scoring damage caused by chipping of chromium plating on a 4340 steel cylinder. (a) Scoring on the cylinder. (b) Scoring on a mating cast aluminum alloy B850-T5 bearing adapter. (c) Cross section through a deep score mark in the aluminum alloy adapter revealing a large embedded particle
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in Failures in Airplane Engine Crankshafts
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 Fatigue crack growth in crankshaft shows beach marks. Chromium plating, about 0.010 in. thick, is indicated by arrows
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in Failures in Airplane Engine Crankshafts
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Chromium plating on an unworn journal has a multitude of cracks. Magnification 100 times; 2 pct nital.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001722
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract The crankshaft of a 37.5-hp, 3-cylinder oil engine was examined. The engine had been dismantled for the purpose of a general overhaul and in the course of this work the crankpins were chromium-plated before regrinding. The engine was returned to service and after running for 290 h...
Abstract
The crankshaft of a 37.5-hp, 3-cylinder oil engine was examined. The engine had been dismantled for the purpose of a general overhaul and in the course of this work the crankpins were chromium-plated before regrinding. The engine was returned to service and after running for 290 h the crankshaft broke at the junction of the No. 3 crankpin and the crankweb nearest to the flywheel. A typical fatigue crack had originated at a number of points in the root of the fillet to the web. In its early stages it ran slightly into the web but turned back to the pin when it encountered the oil hole. The shaft had been made from a heat-treated alloy steel. The thickness of the plating was approximately 0.025 in. and numerous cracks were visible in it, several of which had given rise to cracks in the steel below. The primary cause of the crankshaft failure was the plating of the crankpins. The presence of the grooves alone would result in considerable intensification of stress in zones which are normally highly stressed, while the crazy cracking introduced a multiplicity of stress-raisers of a type almost ideal from the point of view of initiating fatigue cracks.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0091378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... Abstract A 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam tube was removed from a potable water supply due to leaks. The tube wall thickness was 0.711 mm (0.028 in.) with a thin layer of chromium plate on the OD surface. The tube had been in service for approximately 33 years. Investigation (visual inspection, EDS...
Abstract
A 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam tube was removed from a potable water supply due to leaks. The tube wall thickness was 0.711 mm (0.028 in.) with a thin layer of chromium plate on the OD surface. The tube had been in service for approximately 33 years. Investigation (visual inspection, EDS deposit analysis, metallurgical examination, and unetched magnified images) supported the conclusion that failure occurred due to porous material typical of plug-type dezincification initiating from the inside surface. Where the dezincification had progressed through the tube wall, the chromium plate had exfoliated from the base material and cracked. Recommendations included replacing the piping with a more corrosion-resistant material such as red brass (UNS C23000), inhibited Admiralty brass (UNS C44300), or arsenical aluminum brass (UNS C68700).
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001539
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract Overhaul mechanics discovered a crack in an AISI 4340 Cr-Mo-Ni alloy steel pivot bolt when grinding off the chromium plating. The bolt had served for an estimated 10,000 h and was replated when last overhauled. On checking the bolt, several fine cracks were found on the surface...
Abstract
Overhaul mechanics discovered a crack in an AISI 4340 Cr-Mo-Ni alloy steel pivot bolt when grinding off the chromium plating. The bolt had served for an estimated 10,000 h and was replated when last overhauled. On checking the bolt, several fine cracks were found on the surface. A 6500x micrograph revealed the intergranular nature of a crack. By trying different grinding procedures, investigators were able to reproduce this type of failure in the laboratory. It was concluded that grinding cracks initiated the failure. It should be noted that governing specifications prohibit grinding on high-strength steel; chromium should be stripped by electrochemical methods.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Failed chromium-plated blanking die made from AISI A2 tool steel. (a) Cracking (arrows) that occurred shortly after the die was placed in service. (b) Cold-etched (10% aqueous nitric acid) disk cut from the blanking die (outlined area) revealing a light-etching layer. Actual size. (c
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 40 Views of a through-wall perforation of a chromium-plated α brass (70Cu-30Zn) tube removed from a potable water system due to dezincification. (a) Macroview of tube. (b) Inside diameter surface of the tube shown in (a), depicting localized green deposits at the areas of dezincification
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 25 Failed chromium-plated blanking die made from AISI A2 tool steel. (a) Cracking (arrows) that occurred shortly after the die was placed in service. (b) Cold-etched (10% aqueous nitric acid) disk cut from the blanking die (outlined area) revealing a light-etching layer. Actual size. (c
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in Dezincification of a Chromium-Plated Copper Alloy Tube
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Views of a through-wall perforation of a chromium-plated α brass (70Cu-30Zn) tube removed from a potable water system due to dezincification. (a) Macroview of tube. (b) Inside diameter surface of the tube shown in (a), depicting localized green deposits at the areas of dezincification
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Chromium plated retaining ring from lower stem bearing of the bicycle, showing extensive cracking
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in Hydrogen Embrittled Hydraulic Cylinders
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Exposed crack surface of a chromium-plated 15-5 PH cylinder that failed following manufacturing. 32×
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in Hydrogen Embrittled Hydraulic Cylinders
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Exposed crack surfaces of a chromium-plated 15-5 PH cylinder that failed during pressure impulse testing. 9×
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in Fatigue Failure of a Diesel Engine Crankshaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Rail and Rolling Stock
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Fatigue Failure of a Diesel Engine Crankshaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Rail and Rolling Stock
Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 01 June 2019
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c9001694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... Abstract The outer tube, or stem, on a bicycle frame fractured after two years of use. Detailed investigation revealed that the lower stem bearing had been loose for some time and the bottom bearing cup contained many cracks. Metallographic examination of the chromium-plated cup confirmed...
Abstract
The outer tube, or stem, on a bicycle frame fractured after two years of use. Detailed investigation revealed that the lower stem bearing had been loose for some time and the bottom bearing cup contained many cracks. Metallographic examination of the chromium-plated cup confirmed the brittle nature of the cracks, located along prior austenite boundaries. The failure was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement due to improper manufacturing procedures following chromium plating. The cracking led to looseness in the bearing and consequent scoring, cracking, and overloading of the stem.
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