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Chlorides

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001559
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... lines in the system had thru-wall cracks. Shallow incipient cracks were detected at the lowest elevations of one other line. The balance of the system had no signs of SCC attack. Chlorides and corrosion deposits in varying amounts were found throughout the system. The failure mechanism was transgranular...
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Type 304 stainless steel integral-finned tube that cracked from chlorides and high residual stresses. (a) Section of integral-finned tube showing major crack (circumferential crack between fins). Dimension given in inches. (b) Branched transgranular cracking propagating from major crack More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 9 Type 304 stainless steel integral-finned tube that cracked from chlorides and high residual stresses. (a) Section of integral-finned tube showing major crack (circumferential crack between fins). Dimension given in inches. (b) Branched transgranular cracking propagating from major crack More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0090439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract A section of clear polymeric tubing failed while in service. The failed sample had been used in a chemical transport application. The tubing had also been exposed to periods of elevated temperature as part of the operation. The tubing was specified to be a polyvinyl chloride (PVC...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... sets of tubes. Microscopic examination revealed that the pits had a small mouth with a large subsurface cavity which is typical of chloride pitting of austenitic stainless steel. However, no pitting was found in other areas of the system, where the chloride content of the process water was higher...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... precipitation. The transgranular cracks indicated that failure was due partly to stress-corrosion. It was concluded that the chlorides provided the main corrodent for both the stress and intercrystalline-corrosion cracking. Chemical processing equipment Chlorides Corrosion environments Heat...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract One-quarter inch diameter 304 stainless steel cooling tower hanger rods failed by chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The rods were located in an area of the cooling tower where the air contains drop lets of water below the mist eliminators and above the flow of water...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... of the fracture to the pits on the inner surface of the vessel were revealed. Copper deposits with zinc were revealed by EDS examination of discolorations. Pitting was revealed to have been caused by poor oxygen control in the steam generators and release of chloride into the steam generators. It was concluded...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048691
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract AISI type 410 stainless steel tube bundles in a heat exchanger experienced leakage during hydrostatic testing even before being in service. The inside surfaces of the tubes was observed to have been pitted. Chloride-ion pitting was revealed by the undercutting in the cross section...
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 SEM fractographs (a,b) showing chloride particles on a tube fracture face. More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Longitudinal section across welding seam. Etch: Copper ammonium chloride solution according to Heyn. 1 × More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 14 SEMs showing the pits and chloride particles underneath the surface after removing the scale. (a) Note the numerous Cl particles. (b) Corrosive attack of the Cl particles and resultant pit/pore More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Stress corrosion cracking initiated in a chloride containing medium by welding stresses in a welded support on a tube of X5 CrNiMo 18 10 1 2 × More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Stub-shaft assembly, for agitator in a polyvinyl chloride reactor, that failed by ductile fracture. Top left: Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). Detail A: Sections through failure area showing original design, first revised design, and final design Element Chemical More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Micrograph near fracture surface. Etching: copper-ammonium-chloride (after Heyn). 1 × More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Longitudinal section L —— L in Fig. 5 . Etching: copper-ammonium-chloride (after Heyn). 1 × More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 14 Longitudinal section through fracture. Etching: copper-ammounium-chloride (after Heyn). 2 × More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Chloride distribution profiles for patch and original concrete from the west (W) to east (E) face of beam A1. More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Secondary electron image of one of the points of high chloride concentration in Figure 2 . The oxidation “eruption” is clearly seen to be related to the presence of Cl ions (Approx. × 2000). More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Cross section of section 1, etch: copper ammonium chloride (according to Heyn). approx. 0.7× More