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Caustic embrittlement

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0048819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... that the combination of the residual plus operating stresses and the amount of KOH present would have caused stress corrosion as a result of caustic embrittlement. It was recommended that the tray support should be installed higher on the vessel wall to prevent coincidence of the lower tray-support weld...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... surfaces were all similar in appearance, and a primary crack origin could not be identified. A secondary crack brought to fracture in the laboratory showed brittle, cleavage features rather than classic, tensile overload features. This suggested that the material was embrittled. Alkalies Caustic...
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 85 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by stress-corrosion cracking because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support (dimensions given in inches). (b) Corrosion pits at edge of fracture More
Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Large enclosed cylindrical pressure vessel that failed by SCC because of caustic embrittlement by potassium hydroxide. (a) View of vessel before failure and details of nozzle and tray support. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Micrograph showing corrosion pits at edge of fracture surface More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract Gross wastage and embrittlement were observed in plain carbon steel desuperheaters in five new Naval power plants. The gross wastage could be duplicated in laboratory bomb tests using sodium hydroxide solutions and was concluded to be caused by free caustic concentrated by high heat...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... are very corrosive. Therefore this solution is used to test steels for caustic embrittlement 3 . Internal stresses, especially in cold-worked zones are also taken into account. The classic example of an intercrystalline stress corrosion is the well known rivet-hole cracking in steam boilers or brine...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
..., embrittlement of this type was the primary cause of the breaking off of the type rivet heads. Nothing was observed in the course of the examination that suggested caustic cracking. Aging Boiler plate Rivets Rimming steel Brittle fracture When the lagging was removed from the longitudinal seam...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... to be susceptible to IGSCC (caustic embrittlement). The alkaline caustic kraft liquor provided the necessary aggressive environment for IGSCC at the highly stressed weld joints. No material-related deficiencies, such as hardness gradient or unacceptable microstructure, were found. Conclusion and Recommendations...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001224
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
...×. Etching treatment: ammonia water, 1.5 V + 10 n caustic soda, 1.5 V (etching of carbides and sigma phase). The multiaxial stresses caused by sigma phase formation and the related embrittlement must be viewed as the cause for the fracture of the recuperator. In this case the designer has evidently...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... the earliest forms of SCC (season cracking and caustic embrittlement) predate the term itself. It was during investigations into early SCC failures that the three required elements of SCC were discovered: a susceptible metal/alloy, a specific environment, and the presence of tensile stress. Season Cracking...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048158
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... cracking by caustic penetration. Conclusions The springs fractured by intergranular stress-corrosion cracking during service. The cracks were promoted by the action of liquid zinc and tin in combination with static and torsional stresses on the spring wire. Stress-corrosion cracking by caustic...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... with ammonia water ( Fig. 5 ), but was discolored brown by caustic soda solution ( Fig. 6 ). Therefore it did not consist of chromium carbide but of σ-phase 1 . The fracture followed along the σ-precipitates at the grain boundaries ( Fig. 7 ). The cracking of the disks therefore was caused or favored by σ...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of sodium on crack surfaces, which is indicative of NaOH-induced stress-corrosion cracking. Failure was attributed to superheater problems that resulted in caustic carryover from the boiler. Two options for disk repair, installing a shrink-fit disk or applying weld buildup, were recommended. Weld repair...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... instances, on-load corrosion resulting in embrittlement of certain tubes of a boiler has been associated with a less intensive form of corrosion in other regions, being more reminiscent of attack by concentrated caustic, as for example, that shown in Fig. 13 . In addition, the fact that the material...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... explains the failure of pressure vessels with emphasis on stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, brittle and ductile fractures, creep and stress rupture, and fatigue with examples. brittle fracture composite creep rupture ductile fracture fabrication failure analysis fatigue...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001832
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Stress-Corrosion Cracking Caustic Stress-Corrosion Cracking (CSCC) Nitrate Stress-Corrosion Cracking (NSCC) Conclusions It is concluded that the observations and findings during the failure investigation are consistent with nitrate-induced stress-corrosion cracking. The low-carbon steel...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... occurred and the resulting consequences. Examples of damage mechanisms include high-temperature creep, hydrogen embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and sulfidation. A damage mechanism describes how damage came to be present. This definition of failure mechanism also should not be confused...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., as shown in Fig. 10(b) . Optical metallography revealed IGA under ridgelike deposits, shown in Fig. 10(c) . Deposit analysis indicated a slightly alkaline to a very alkaline (caustic) environment. Environmental impurities consisting of sulfate, sulfide, sodium, lead, and copper were also detected...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... in transgranular attack in steel. The “rock candy” fracture appearance seen in the failed samples would be more indicative of a caustic attack. Because the material has been used successfully for many years in this environment and because there were no known abnormal stresses or aggressive environments...