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Carbon equivalent

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0047392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... fracture of the roadarm was caused by a combination of too high a carbon equivalent in the castings and the lack of preheating and postheating during the welding procedure. A pre-heat and tempering after welding were added to the welding procedure. Gas metal arc welding Heat affected zone Sand...
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 59 Effect of M s temperature and carbon equivalent (CE) on quench cracking of selected steels More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089646
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... a higher-than-normal carbon content and/or carbon equivalent. Larger and more numerous cope side graphite nodules broke open, causing ferrite caps or burrs. They then became the mechanism of failure by breaking down the oil film and eroding the beating material. A byproduct was heat, which assisted...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... at the hole area showed that the porosity extended a considerable distance into the pipe wall. Metallographic examination revealed a graphite structure distribution expected in centrifugally cast iron with a hypoeutectic carbon equivalent. Chemical analyses of a nonporous sample had a composition typical...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... reduced the strength. Recommendations included that the chemistry and inoculation should be controlled to produce type A graphite structure. The chemistry control should aim for a carbon equivalent close to 4.3% to achieve adequate fluidity for thin sections and to alleviate gas defects. Cracking...
Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Section through weld in a roadarm (a weldment of low-alloy steel castings). The roadarm fractured in the HAZ because of high carbon-equivalent content. Fracture surface is at arrow. 0.8× More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c0047537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... cellulosic electrodes. For high-risk girth welds, an increase in preheat and/or a reduction in the local stress by controlling lift height or depositing the hot pass locally before lifting may be required. Carbon equivalent Pipelines Weld defects Welding electrodes API X65 Hydrogen damage...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
..., 0.2%Si, 0.02%S, 0.007%P. The carbon equivalent is 0.28% using the widely accepted carbon equivalent formula for carbon manganese steels: (Eq 1) CarbonEquivalent = % C + % Mn 6 + % Cr + % Mo + % V 5 + % Ni + % Cu 15 Fig. 2 shows...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... (up to 120 bars) and the incorporation of larger pipe diameters. 3 Safety considerations, on the other hand, have necessitated development of low carbon, low carbon equivalent (CE), fine grained microalloyed steels with adequate low temperature impact toughness properties. 4 Rourkela Steel...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001348
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... in a sensitized HAZ due to chloride from the environment. Use of low-carbon type AISI 304L was recommended. Minimization of fit-up stresses and covering with polyethylene sheets during storage were also suggested. Heat-affected zone Marine environments Nuclear reactor components Sensitizing Storage...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract A spherical carbon steel fixed-catalyst bed reactor, fabricated from French steel A42C-3S, approximately equivalent to ASTM A201 grade B, failed after 20 years of service while in a standby condition. The unit was found to contain primarily hydrogen at the time of failure. The vessel...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
.... Although shafts of mild steel can usually be welded satisfactorily without significant effect on the parent metal adjacent to the weld, medium carbon and low alloy steels showing a greater carbon equivalent and, therefore, hardenability, necessitate the use of special techniques in order to prevent...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... was 0.19C-0.76Mn, giving carbon equivalents (CE) of 0.34 and 0.32, respectively (CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15); these CE levels are indications of good weldability and resistance to weld cracking. The welds were made with a preheat of 65 °C (150 °F), with the heat applied only...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627081801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... subsequently developed. The rod was made from a medium carbon or low-alloy steel in the hardened and fully tempered condition. Evidence indicated that, following modification to the oil feed system, the rod that broke was returned to service with fine cracks present immediately below the weld deposit, which...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... design CBED convergent-beam electron diffraction CCT continuous cooling transformation (dia- gram) CE carbon equivalent CEGB United Kingdom Central Electricity CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board CFR Code of Federal Regulations CFRP carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic cm centimeter CMOD crack-mouth...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... approximately in line with the crankpin center line. The fracture was of the fatigue type, slowly developing cracks having started from opposite sides of each tapped hole and crept across the section. Microstructure of the crankshaft indicated the material was a plain carbon steel, the carbon content being...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001595
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
.... Carbon has a profound effect on both the martensite hardness and the steel hardenability. The mathematical estimation for steel surface hardness is based upon carbon content alone. The predominant additional elements of interest in hardenability calculations are manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... of chemical analysis are shown in Table 1 . The plates corresponded to A36 steel. No appreciable alloy elements were found (only residual amounts), and the carbon content was not high. The carbon equivalents (CE) were low. Plate A had a CE of 0.34; plate B, 0.27. This should be easily welded steel. Results...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c0089567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... approximately 0.2x The chemical composition of a section near the 12 o'clock position was evaluated and was satisfactory for gray cast iron with a carbon equivalent of 4.56. However, the phosphorus content is significantly higher than the normal 0.02 to 0.07% range common for gray iron. The high...