Fig. 42 Failure due to a band of carbides. (a) AISI A2 scoring die spalled at the cutting edge during either the stoning or final grinding step after heat treatment. (b) Sectioning through the spalled region revealed a band of carbides intersecting the edge profile that promoted cracking More

Fig. 75 Geometric models of carbides formed during case hardening. (a) Massive carbide grain, 4000×. (b) Film carbide, 2000×. (c) Intergranular carbide, 4000×. Source: Ref 30 More

Fig. 76 Micrograph of 4% Ni-C-Cr carburized steel showing massive carbides produced during carburizing with surface carbon above Ac cm carbon. Source: Ref 30 More

Fig. 78 Micrograph of 4% Ni steel showing carbides formed after slow cool from carburizing temperature. 178×. Source: Ref 30 More

Fig. 79 Globular carbides at the surface of a carburized 1% Cr-Mo steel (reheat quenched). 836×. Source: Ref 30 More

Fig. 9 Micrograph showing niobium carbides in interdendritic spaces. Etched in electrolytic nitric acid. 1000×. More

Fig. 4 SEM showing the carbides depicted in Fig. 3 . 3150×. More

Fig. 5 Morphology of grain boundary carbides. 500× More

Fig. 3 SEM micrograph of fractured surface showing precipitation of carbides in the austenite matrix and the formation of microcracks More

Fig. 8 (a, b) Inner race; aligned carbides in the matrix of tempered martensite More

Fig. 42 Failure due to a band of carbides. (a) AISI A2 scoring die spalled at the cutting edge during either the stoning or final grinding step after heat treatment. (b) Sectioning through the spalled region revealed a band of carbides intersecting the edge profile that promoted cracking More

Fig. 12 Scanning electron micrograph showing carbides in 20Cr-32Ni-Nb alloy More

Fig. 25 Chrome carbides at grain boundaries forming “pearl necklace” in 316 stainless steel. Electrolytic oxalic acid etch More

Fig. 6 Grain boundary carbides and creep lines in the sensitized area. 800 × More

Fig. 2 Spheroidized carbides in ferrite matrix in the ruptured stub. Nital 1% etch. More

Fig. 3 Intergranular carbides and corrosion in CF8M suction roll. Magnification 100× More

Fig. 41(b) Micrograph showing the poor carbide distribution and morphology in the roll shown in Fig. 41(a) . The grain size, ASTM 6.75, was coarser than desired. Etched with 3% nital. 700× More

Fig. 13 Grain-boundary carbide films in a Waspaloy forging. The films substantially reduced stress-rupture life. The specimen was electropolished before replication in a solution containing (by volume) 100 parts hydrochloric acid, 50 parts sulfuric acid, and 600 parts methanol. Transmission More

Fig. 14 Isothermal diagram showing the sequence of carbide formation on tempering of normalized 2 1 4 Cr-1Mo steel. Source: Ref 12 More

Fig. 2 High-temperature degradation of a gas turbine transition duct. (a) Carbide, carbonitride precipitates, and oxide pentration along grain boundary. (b) Creep cracking along grain-boundary precipitates (arrows) on IN-617 panel. Creep cavities along grain boundaries link up and lead More