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Bevel gears
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... Abstract A spiral bevel gear and pinion set that showed "excessive wear on the pinion teeth" was submitted for analysis. This gear set was the primary drive unit for the differential and axle shafts of an exceptionally-large front-end loader in the experimental stages of development...
Abstract
A spiral bevel gear and pinion set that showed "excessive wear on the pinion teeth" was submitted for analysis. This gear set was the primary drive unit for the differential and axle shafts of an exceptionally-large front-end loader in the experimental stages of development. There was no evidence of tooth bending fatigue on either part. Several cracks were associated with the spalling surfaces on the concave sides of the 4820H NiMo alloy steel pinion teeth. The gear teeth showed no indication of fatigue. The primary mode of failure was rolling contact fatigue of the concave (drive) active tooth profile. The spalled area was a consequence of this action. The pitting low on the profile appeared to have originated after the shift of the pinion tooth away from the gear center. The shift of the pinion was most often due to a bearing displacement or malfunction. The cause of this failure was continuous high overload that may also have contributed to the bearing displacement.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001496
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... inspection. The teeth of both parts had been ground by a spiral bevel tooth grinder, so it was necessary to inspect for grinding checks that might have been a factor. None were found. Nital Etching Nital etching was used to determine if there were any grinding burns that could cause tempered spots...
Abstract
A failed spiral gear and pinion set made from 4320H Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel operating in a high-speed electric traction motor gear unit driving a rapid transit train were submitted for analysis. The pinion was intact, but the gear had broken into two sections that resulted when two fractured areas went through the body of the gear. Wheel mileage of the assembly was 34,000 miles at the time of failure. All physical and metallurgical characteristics were well within specified standards, and both parts should have withstood normal loading conditions. The primary mode of failure was tooth bending fatigue of the gear from the reverse direction near the toe end. The cause of failure was a crossed-over tooth bearing condition that placed loads at the heel end when going forward and at the toe end when going in reverse. The condition was too consistent to be a deflection under load; therefore, it most likely was permanent misalignment within the assembly.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001500
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... Abstract A ‘worn-out’ spiral bevel gear and pinion set was submitted for examination and evaluation. This was a spiral bevel drive set with the gear attached to a differential. The assembled unit was driving a new, large, experimental farm tractor in normal plowing and tilling operations...
Abstract
A ‘worn-out’ spiral bevel gear and pinion set was submitted for examination and evaluation. This was a spiral bevel drive set with the gear attached to a differential. The assembled unit was driving a new, large, experimental farm tractor in normal plowing and tilling operations. The primary failure was associated with the 4820H NiMo alloy steel pinion, and thus the gear was not examined. The mode of failure was rolling contact fatigue, and the cause of failure improper engineering design. The pattern of continual overload was restricted to a specific concentrated area situated diagonally across the profile of the loaded side, which was consistent on every tooth.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Fig. 1 Defective ATAR engine accessory angle drive splined shaft and gear assembly. The bevel gear (arrow) was free to rotate on the shaft. ∼.34×. Fig. 2 Accessory angle drive components: S, splined shaft; G, bevel gear, R, support ring, N, castellated nut. Note severe fretting wear...
Abstract
The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Stripping of the engine revealed that the bevel gear locating splines (16 NCD 13) had failed. Visual and low-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent to the splines and on the bevel gear abutment shoulder. Additional tests included a metrological inspection of the shaft, bevel gear and support ring; metallographic examination of a section from the shaft; chemical analysis of the shaft material (16 NCD 13); and hardness testing of a sample of the yoke material. The wear had been caused by incorrect machining of the shaft splines, which prevented the bevel gear nut from locating correctly against the gear.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c0047964
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... Abstract Drastic reduction in the service life of a production gearbox was observed. Within the gearbox, the axial load on a bevel gear (8620 steel, OD 9.2 cm) was taken by a thrust-type roller bearing (3.8 cm ID, 5.6 cm OD) in which a ground surface on the back of the bevel gear served...
Abstract
Drastic reduction in the service life of a production gearbox was observed. Within the gearbox, the axial load on a bevel gear (8620 steel, OD 9.2 cm) was taken by a thrust-type roller bearing (3.8 cm ID, 5.6 cm OD) in which a ground surface on the back of the bevel gear served as a raceway. Spalling damage on the ground bearing raceway at five equally spaced zones was disclosed by inspection of the bevel gear. The bearing raceway was checked for runout by mounting the gear on an arbor. It was found that the raceway undulated to the extent of 0.008 mm total indicator reading and a spalled area was observed at each high point. The presence of numerous cracks that resembled grinding cracks was revealed both by magnetic-particle inspection and microscopic examination. Spalling was produced by nonuniform loading in conjunction with grinding cracks. As corrective measures, the spindle of the grinding machine was reconditioned to eliminate the undulations and retained austenite was minimized by careful heat treatment.
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in Fatigue Failure of a Carburized 4817 Steel Spiral Bevel Gear at Acute-Angle Intersections of Mounting Holes and Tooth-Root Fillets
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Carburized 4817 steel spiral bevel gear. The gear broke from fatigue at acute-angle intersections of mounting holes and tooth-root fillets as a result of through hardening. Dimensions given in inches
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract The gear of a spiral bevel gear set broke into three pieces after about two years of service. The gear (made of 4817 steel) broke along the root of a tooth intersected by three of the six 22-mm diam holes used to mount the gear to a hub. Fatigue progression for about 6.4 mm...
Abstract
The gear of a spiral bevel gear set broke into three pieces after about two years of service. The gear (made of 4817 steel) broke along the root of a tooth intersected by three of the six 22-mm diam holes used to mount the gear to a hub. Fatigue progression for about 6.4 mm at the acute-angle intersections of three mounting holes with the root fillets of three teeth was revealed by examination of gear. Cracks at the intersections of the remaining three mounting holes and the adjacent tooth-root fillets were revealed by magnetic-particle inspection. Through hardening at the acute-angle intersections of the mounting holes and tooth-root fillets was revealed by metallographic examination. Design of the gear and placement of the mounting holes, which resulted in through hardening, were concluded to be the contributing factors to the fatigue failure of the gear.
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in Failure Analysis of a Jet Engine Gearbox Drive Gearshaft Ball Bearing
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 3 Witness marks (red arrow) on the beveled gear teeth indicating hard contact on one side (Color figure online)
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Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 2 Accessory angle drive components: S, splined shaft; G, bevel gear, R, support ring, N, castellated nut. Note severe fretting wear damage to the shaft splines (open arrow)and the mating bevel gear splines (B). ∼.38×.
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in Fatigue Failure of a Carburized Steel Gear From a Helicopter Transmission
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001497
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... Abstract A spiral bevel gear set in the differential housing of a large front-end loader moving coal in a storage area failed in service. The machine had operated approximately 1500 h. Although the failure involved only the pinion teeth, magnetic particle inspection was performed on each part...
Abstract
A spiral bevel gear set in the differential housing of a large front-end loader moving coal in a storage area failed in service. The machine had operated approximately 1500 h. Although the failure involved only the pinion teeth, magnetic particle inspection was performed on each part. The 4817 NiMo alloy steel pinion showed no indication of additional cracking, nor did the 4820 NiMo alloy steel gear. The mode of failure was tooth bending fatigue with the origin at the designed position: root radius at midsection of tooth. The load was well centered, and progression occurred for a long period of time. The cause of failure was a suddenly applied peak overload, which initiated a crack at the root radius. Progression continued by relatively low overstress from the crack, which was now a stress-concentration point. This was a classic tooth bending fatigue failure.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Fig. 1 Carburized AISI 19310 spiral bevel gear with two fractured teeth. Fig. 2 Closeup view of two fractured teeth, showing complex topography of fracture surfaces. Direction of crack propagation was generally from the convex, or drive, side of teeth to the concave, or coast, side...
Abstract
The failure of a spiral bevel gear from the transmission of a helicopter was discovered when the transmission was removed after an in-flight incident. Two adjacent teeth from the carburized AISI 9310 steel gear were found to have undergone fatigue failure. Internal initiation occurred in a region depleted of chromium and nickel. This condition coincides with a microstructural inhomogeneity consisting of large, soft ferrite grains. Its origin was probably contamination of the solidifying ingot during the consumable vacuum arc remelting operation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article first reviews variations within the most common types of gears, namely spur, helical, worm, and straight and spiral bevel. It then provides information on gear tooth contact and gear metallurgy. This is followed by sections describing the important points of gear...
Abstract
This article first reviews variations within the most common types of gears, namely spur, helical, worm, and straight and spiral bevel. It then provides information on gear tooth contact and gear metallurgy. This is followed by sections describing the important points of gear lubrication, the measurement of the backlash, and the necessary factors for starting the failure analysis. Next, the article explains various gear failure causes, including wear, scuffing, Hertzian fatigue, cracking, fracture, and bending fatigue, and finally presents examples of gear and reducer failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of internal gear and mating pinion Rack A rack is a gear whose teeth lie in a straight line (pitch circle of infinite radius). The teeth may be at right angles to the edge of the rack and mesh with a spur gear ( Fig. 1b ) or may be at some other angle and engage a helical gear ( Fig. 2b ). Bevel...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This article reviews the major types of gears and the basic principles of gear-tooth contact. It discusses the loading conditions and stresses that effect gear strength and durability. The article provides information on different gear materials, the common types and causes of gear failures, and the procedures employed to analyze them. Finally, it presents a chosen few examples to illustrate a systematic approach to the failure examination.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... As-received photographs of the primary hardware of interest in the investigation: ( a ) beveled gear, ( b ) sleeve, ( c ) outer race, ( d ) inner race, ( e ) rolling elements, ( f ) generic schematic of assembly Fig. 2 Examples of contact wear and gouging on one side (see black arrows) of the mating...
Abstract
The case study presented in this article details the failure investigation of an M50 alloy steel bearing used in a jet engine gearbox drive assembly. It discusses the investigative steps and analytic tools used to determine the root cause, highlighting the importance of continuous, thorough questioning by the investigating activity. The combined analyses demonstrated that the bearing failed by a single event overload as evidenced by bulk deformation and traces of foreign material on the rolling elements. The anomalous transferred metal found on the rolling elements subsequently led to the discovery of overlooked debris in an engine chip detector, and thus resulted in a review of several maintenance practices.
Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 1 Defective ATAR engine accessory angle drive splined shaft and gear assembly. The bevel gear (arrow) was free to rotate on the shaft. ∼.34×.
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Image
in Failure Analysis of a Jet Engine Gearbox Drive Gearshaft Ball Bearing
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 1 As-received photographs of the primary hardware of interest in the investigation: ( a ) beveled gear, ( b ) sleeve, ( c ) outer race, ( d ) inner race, ( e ) rolling elements, ( f ) generic schematic of assembly
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... failure analysis work in the laboratory and for permitting us to publish the case study. Acknowledgments The damage observed on the outer race and balls of the failed bearing was identified as flaking. Incorrect mounting of the bearing onto the shaft of the bevel gear resulted in preferential...
Abstract
A ball bearing in a military jet engine sustained heavy damage and was analyzed to determine the cause. Almost all of the balls and a portion of the outer race were found to be flaking, but there were no signs of damage on the inner race and cage. Tests (chemistry, hardness, and microstructure) indicated that the bearing materials met the specification requirements. However, closer inspection revealed areas of discoloration, or nonuniform contact marks, on the ID surface of the inner ring. The unusual wear pattern suggested that the bearing was not properly mounted, thus subjecting it to uneven or eccentric loading. This explains the preferential nature of the flaking on the outer race and points to an assembly error as the root cause of failure.
Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 3 Higher-magnification view of damage to the shaft splines. Remnants of the silver alloy plating (S) are visible on undamaged portions of the splines. Fretting damage is also visible on the shaft face adjacent to the splines (F) and on the bevel gear abutment face (G). 1.6×.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract Several teeth of a bevel pinion which was part of a drive unit in an edging mill failed after three months in service. Specifications required that the pinion be made from a 2317 steel forging and that the teeth be carburized and hardened to a case hardness of 56 HRC and a core...
Abstract
Several teeth of a bevel pinion which was part of a drive unit in an edging mill failed after three months in service. Specifications required that the pinion be made from a 2317 steel forging and that the teeth be carburized and hardened to a case hardness of 56 HRC and a core hardness of 250 HRB. Two teeth were revealed by visual examination to have broken at the root and fatigue marks extending across almost the entire tooth were exhibited by the surface of the fracture. Cracking in all the tooth was showed by magnetic-particle inspection. The pinion was concluded to have failed by tooth-bending fatigue. Spalling was also noted on the pressure (drive) side of each tooth at the toe end which indicated some mechanical misalignment of the pinion with the mating gear that caused the cyclic shock load to be applied to the toe ends of the teeth.
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