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Banded structure
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Connecting end of forged rod, with banded structure from excessive segregation in the billet (Example 2). (a) Rod end showing locations of fractures at rough-ground areas at the parting line; in view A-A, dashed lines denote a rough-ground area, arrow points to a liquid-penetrant
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Image
in Fatigue Fracture that Originated on the Ground Surface of a Medium- Carbon Steel Forging with a Notch-Sensitive Band Structure
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Connecting end of forged rod, with banded structure from excessive segregation in the billet (Example 2). (a) Rod end showing locations of fractures at rough-ground areas at the parting line; in view A-A, dashed lines denote a rough-ground area, arrow points to a liquid-penetrant
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Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 3 Central longitudinal zone of sample 2, showing banded structure of white ferrite and dark unresolved pearlite with MnS inclusions (light gray). 2% nital etch. 200×.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... marks to be the rough ground surface. An incipient crack 9.5 mm along with several other cracks on one of the fractured rods was revealed by liquid penetration examination. Metallographic examination of the fractured rods indicated a banded structure consisting of zones of ferrite and pearlite...
Abstract
The connecting end of two forged medium-carbon steel rods used in an application in which they were subjected to severe low-frequency loading failed in service. The fractures extended completely through the connecting end. The surface hardness of the rods was found to be lower than specifications. The fractures were revealed to be in areas of the transition regions that had been rough ground to remove flash along the parting line. The presence of beach marks, indicating fatigue failure, was revealed by examination. The fracture origin was confirmed by the location and curvature of beach marks to be the rough ground surface. An incipient crack 9.5 mm along with several other cracks on one of the fractured rods was revealed by liquid penetration examination. Metallographic examination of the fractured rods indicated a banded structure consisting of zones of ferrite and pearlite. It was established that the incipient cracks found in liquid-penetrant inspection had originated at the surface in the banded region, in areas of ferrite where this constituent had been visibly deformed by grinding. Closer control on the microstructure, hardness of the forgings and smooth finish in critical area was recommended.
Image
in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 62 Micrograph showing banded ferrite-pearlite structure and corrosion damage at outer edge of the failed tube. Original magnification: 200×
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... to be homogenous and had no banded structure. However, x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of up to 6% retained austenite which likely caused the tube to buckle during the 910 °C heat treating procedure. tube buckling retained austenite bainitic steel distortion x-ray diffraction analysis...
Abstract
A deformed steel tube was received for failure analysis after buckling during a heat-treat operation. The tube was subjected to various metallurgical tests as well as nondestructive testing to confirm the presence of residual stresses. The microstructure of the tube was found to be homogenous and had no banded structure. However, x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of up to 6% retained austenite which likely caused the tube to buckle during the 910 °C heat treating procedure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c0089456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... Banded structure Chemical segregation Forging dies D5 UNS T30405 Metalworking-related failures A cross-recessed die of D5 tool steel fractured in service. The die face was subjected to shear and tensile stresses as a result of the forging pressures from the material being worked. Figure 1...
Abstract
A cross-recessed die of D5 tool steel fractured in service. The die face was found to be subjected to shear and tensile stresses as a result of the forging pressures from the material being worked. The presence of numerous slag stringers was revealed by microscopic examination of an unetched longitudinal section taken through the die. The pattern was microscopically revealed after etching with 5 % nital to be due to severe chemical segregation or banding. Considerable variation in the hardness, corresponding to the banded and non-banded regions across the face of the specimen was observed. The fracture was found to have originated near the high-stress region of the die face examination of the fracture surface. Failure of the die was concluded to have originated in an area of abnormally high hardness which is prone to microcracking during heat treatment for this grade of tool steel
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in A Broken Cross-Recessed Die Made from High Speed Tool Steel
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Failure of an ASTM A681-89 H13 Die Segment for Die Casting of Aluminum
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
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in Failure of a Steel Pot Used for Melting Magnesium Alloys
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 10 Cross-section of pot outer surface in area D showing intersection of surface with banded structure, indicating loss of material from outer surface, nital etch; 63×.
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in Failure of a Steel Pot Used for Melting Magnesium Alloys
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 11 Center portion of pot cross-section in area D showing that the banded structure of the hot rolled steel has been partially eliminated by subsequent heating; nital etch; 63×.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 A D5 tool steel forging die that failed in service because of segregation. (a) Hardness traverse correlated with the microstructure of the die. (b) Section through one arm of the cross on the recessed die face showing a severely segregated (banded) structure. Etched with 5% nital. (c
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Image
in Fracture of a Forging Die Caused by Segregation
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 A D5 tool steel forging die that failed in service because of segregation. (a) Hardness traverse correlated with the microstructure of the die. (b) Section through one arm of the cross on the recessed die face showing a severely segregated (banded) structure. Etched with 5% nital. (c
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Type 430 stainless steel hot rolled to various percentages of reduction showing development of a banded structure consisting of alternate layers of ferrite (light) and martensite (dark) as the amount of hot work is increased. (a) 63% reduction. (b) 81% reduction. (c) 94% reduction. 55
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in Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Type 430 stainless steel hot rolled to various percentages of reduction showing development of a banded structure consisting of alternate layers of ferrite (light) and martensite (dark) as the amount of hot work is increased. (a) 63% reduction. (b) 81% reduction. (c) 94% reduction
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... structure, indicating loss of material from outer surface, nital etch; 63×. Fig. 11 Center portion of pot cross-section in area D showing that the banded structure of the hot rolled steel has been partially eliminated by subsequent heating; nital etch; 63×. Fig. 12 The inner surface...
Abstract
A steel pot used as crucible in a magnesium alloy foundry developed a leak that resulted in a fire and caused extensive damage. Hypotheses as to the cause of the leak included a defect in the pot, overuse, overheating, and poor foundry practices. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis in conjunction with dimensional analysis, phase diagrams and thermodynamics considerations were employed to evaluate the various hypotheses. All evidence pointed to an oxide mass in the area where the hole developed, likely introduced during the steelmaking process.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... used in structural applications. Testing showed an increase in hardness and weight percent carbon and manganese in the banded region. Further testing revealed that the area containing the segregation and coarse grain structure had a lower than expected toughness and a transition temperature 90 deg F...
Abstract
In 1979, during a routine bridge inspection, a fatigue crack was discovered in the top flange plate of one tie girder in a tied arch bridge crossing the Mississippi River. Metallographic analysis indicated a banding or segregation problem in the middle of the plate, where the carbon content was twice what it should have been. Based on this and results of ultrasonic testing, which revealed that the banding occurred in 24-ft lengths, it was decided to close the bridge and replace the defective steel. The steel used in the construction of this bridge was specified as ASTM A441, commonly used in structural applications. Testing showed an increase in hardness and weight percent carbon and manganese in the banded region. Further testing revealed that the area containing the segregation and coarse grain structure had a lower than expected toughness and a transition temperature 90 deg F higher than specified by the ASTM standards. The fatigue crack growth rate through this area was much faster than expected. All of these property changes resulted from increased carbon levels, higher yield strength, and larger than normal grain size.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... in the structure of the flange forging was revealed by examination. A greater susceptibility to cracking was interpreted from the higher hardenability found within the bands. Stress relief was concluded to have not been performed at the specified temperature level (by hardness and impact tests) which caused...
Abstract
A large pressure vessel designed for use in an ammonia plant failed during hydrostatic testing. It was fabricated from ten Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel plates which were rolled and welded to form ten cylindrical shell sections and three forgings of similar composition. The fracture surfaces were metallographically examined to be typical for brittle steel fracture and associated with the circumferential weld that joined the flange forging to the first shell section. Featureless facets in the HAZ were observed and were revealed to be the fracture-initiation sites. Pronounced banding in the structure of the flange forging was revealed by examination. A greater susceptibility to cracking was interpreted from the higher hardenability found within the bands. Stress relief was concluded to have not been performed at the specified temperature level (by hardness and impact tests) which caused the formation of hard spots. The mode of crack propagation was established by microstructural examination to be transgranular cleavage. It was concluded that failure of the pressure vessel stemmed from the formation of transverse fabrication cracks in the HAZ fostered by the presence of hard spots. It was recommended that normalizing and tempering temperatures be modified and a revised forging practice explored.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
..., although in general, showing a banded structure, is also characterised by a layer of re-crystallised material having an equiaxed structure on the external surfaces. Initial corrosion in this layer takes an intergranular path and exfoliation does not occur until corrosion has reached the banded material...
Abstract
Aluminum alloy BS.1476-HE.15 by virtue of its high strength and low density finds application in the form of bars or sections for cranes, bridges, and other such structures where a reduction in dead weight load and inertia stresses is advantageous. Bars and sections in H.15 alloy are mostly produced by extrusion. Some material processed this way has been prone to exfoliation corrosion. Extended aging for 24 h at a temperature of 185 deg C (365 deg F) virtually suppresses the tendency for exfoliation corrosion to develop. Also, the use of a sprayed coating, either of aluminum or Al-1Zn alloy, was effective in halting and preventing this form of attack. While alarming, the appearance of exfoliation corrosion provides a valuable warning to the engineer or inspector before a severe weakening of the particular sections has occurred.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... the chromium plating had been left intact. Microstructural Analysis The general microstructure was that of a low-alloy ultrahigh-strength steel, consisting of a fine-grained tempered martensite with few inclusions. Slight banding ( Fig. 8 ) of the structure was observed, consistent with mild alloy...
Abstract
Examination of several fighter aircraft main landing gear legs revealed unusual cracking in the hard chromium plating that covered the sliding section of the inner strut. The cracking was associated with cracks in the 35 NCD 16 steel beneath the plating. A detailed investigation revealed that the cracking was caused by the combination of incorrect grinding procedure, the presence of hydrogen, and fatigue. The grinding damage generated tensile stresses in the steel, which caused intergranular cracking during the plating cycle. The intergranular cracks were initiation sites for fatigue crack growth during service. It was recommended that the damaged undercarriage struts be withdrawn from service pending further analysis and development of a repair technique.
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