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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c0045911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... amounts of sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminum, and sulfur, alkali, alkali earth, and other contaminants that completely permeated even the thin oxides on the fracture surfaces. Additional investigation of the purity of the steam itself as reported by the power plant showed that corrosion and cracks were...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... to approximately 9 months. Several corroded grate bars were examined metallographically and by electron microscopy to determine the causes of the accelerated corrosion. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses were also conducted, along with simulation tests to assess the role of alkali chlorides in the corrosion...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... of the rupture. A red and white deposit was found on the sides and bottom of the tube in the rupture area. The deposit was produced by attack of the steel by the alkali acid sulfate and had thinned the tube wall. It was concluded that rupture of the tube had occurred due to thinning of the wall by coal-ash...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006909
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...., alkalis and acids), ionizing radiation, and biological degradation, along with the combined effects of mechanical stress, temperature, and moisture (including environmental stress corrosion). The article also includes information on the use of accelerated testing for predicting material property...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... surfaces were all similar in appearance, and a primary crack origin could not be identified. A secondary crack brought to fracture in the laboratory showed brittle, cleavage features rather than classic, tensile overload features. This suggested that the material was embrittled. Alkalies Caustic...
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 23 General shifts in fracture mechanism fields for metallic and nonmetallic (ionic or covalent) bonding. (a) fcc metals, cleavage at low temperatures does not occur as in the bcc. (b) Refractory bcc metals. (c) Alkali halides. (d) Refractory oxides. Source: Ref 39 More
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 24 General shifts in fracture mechanism fields for metallic and nonmetallic (ionic or covalent) bonding. (a) Face-centered cubic metals; cleavage at low temperatures does not occur as in the body-centered cubic (bcc). (b) Refractory bcc metals. (c) Alkali halides. (d) Refractory oxides More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
..., although their microstructures may not show any significant differences, and it seems probable that this behavior may be related to the amount and continuity of the grain-boundary carbides. Alkalies Boilers Carbides Caustic cracking Electron microscopy Steam boilers Steam boiler steel...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (solids, S, + liquid, L, type of reaction), but atmosphere corrosion also occurs under specific circumstances (under reducing or oxido-reducing conditions), as, for example, under attack from carbon monoxide or alkalis and other condensable gases (S + gas, G, type of reaction). Corrosion of technical...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001798
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
.... The second possible reason is that perfect macromolecular structure is corrupted. In this case, 3D macromolecular network is normally formed during curing process, but is destroyed and fractured during storage by strong acids, alkalis, and so on. The third possible reason is that imperfect macromolecular...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001400
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... to stress corrosion cracking in mild steel are alkalies (hydroxides), nitrates and occasionally hydrogen sulphide or ammonia. We are informed that this particular process for the removal of CO 2 employed monoethanolamine solution. The substance is alkaline and may well act as inorganic alkalies...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... of 30 p.p.m., this being subsequently treated with a proprietary tannin extract, without—as far as is known—addition of alkali. It is considered, therefore, that the agent responsible was probably chlorides. The stresses, in all probability, were those developed by tightening the nuts. Whether...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... are chlorides such as calcium and magnesium chloride, but also highly concentrated alkali solutions such as potassium or sodium hydroxide. The process takes place very slowly at room temperature, but is strongly accelerated by raising the temperature, Stresses are effective even if they lie far below the yield...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... order of estimated life). Hot Corrosion Hot corrosion is a complex process involving both sulfidation and oxidation ( Ref 27 ). Hot corrosion is a form of accelerated oxidation that affects alloys and coatings exposed to high-temperature gases contaminated with sulfur and alkali metal salts ( Ref...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... of the failures. Minimizing residual stresses through use of welding procedures that include appropriate preweld and interpass temperatures and postweld stress relief heat treatment at 650 deg C (1200 deg F) was recommended to prevent further failures. Alkalies, environment Heat-affected zone Papermaking...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... and the air can lead to deposition of alkali metal sulfates on the blade or vane surfaces, resulting in hot corrosion attack [ 2 ]. Overview of Gas Turbine Engine Hot Parts The areas of the gas turbine where the temperature is the highest and which are therefore, most subject to high-temperature...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of salts in the corrosion deposit. In addition to ammonia, a number of environments can cause cracking, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, air contaminated with sulfur and nitrogen oxides, nitrates, phosphates, alkalis, chlorides, hydrogen fluoride, and nitric acid ( Ref 1...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... aggravated by the presence of silicon and sulfur (silicates and sulfates). It was recommended that the tubes be replaced with Inconel 600 or 601, as a practical option until the carryover problem could be solved. Alkalies, environment Boiler tubes Environmental effects Inconel 600, 601 Sodium...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001702
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... macroscopic scan of deteriorating areas of the bridge concrete, including areas under loosened aggregate grains, was done to determine the presence of significant alkali-silica reaction (ASR) products. The examination was done using ultra-violet light and a standard uranyl acetate solution indicator. None...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... by the combination of large cathode and a small anode, as develops in such cases. The solution of magnetite by caustic alkali results in the formation of sodium ferroate and ferrite, in accordance with the following equation 3 :— Fe 3 O 4 + 4 NAOH = Na 2 FeO 2 ( Ferroate...