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52100
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0091893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... Abstract An automotive front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing generated considerable noise shortly after delivery of the vehicle. The inner and outer rings were made of seamless cold-drawn 52100 steel tubing, the balls were forged from 52100 steel, and the retainer was stamped from 1008...
Abstract
An automotive front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing generated considerable noise shortly after delivery of the vehicle. The inner and outer rings were made of seamless cold-drawn 52100 steel tubing, the balls were forged from 52100 steel, and the retainer was stamped from 1008 steel strip. The inner ring, outer ring, and balls were austenitized at 845 deg C (about 1550 deg F), oil quenched, and tempered to a hardness of 60 to 64 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fretting due to vibration of the stationary vehicle position without bearing rotation. Recommendations included improving methods of securing the vehicle during transportation to eliminate vibrations.
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in Failure of a Bearing for a Jet Engine Because of Misalignment Between the Bearing and a Shaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 52100 steel jet-engine ball bearing that failed because of overheating resulting from misalignment. (a) Photograph of bearing components showing fractured cage. (b) Enlarged view of cage showing damage caused by scoring, scuffing, and plastic deformation around ball pockets
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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 67 An AISI 52100 (100Cr6 or WN 1.3505) steel jet-engine ball bearing failed due to overheating that resulted from misalignment. (a) Bearing components showing fractured cage. (b) Enlarged view of the cage showing damage (scoring, scuffing, plastic deformation of the ball pockets
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047986
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract The engine on a jet aircraft was shut down immediately as it produced excessive vibration. Complete failure of the cage in one of the two main-shaft ball bearings (placed side by side in the engine) was revealed in the dismantled engine. The ball bearings (made of vacuum-melted 52100...
Abstract
The engine on a jet aircraft was shut down immediately as it produced excessive vibration. Complete failure of the cage in one of the two main-shaft ball bearings (placed side by side in the engine) was revealed in the dismantled engine. The ball bearings (made of vacuum-melted 52100 steel) were both of the single-row deep-groove type with split inner rings and were designed to operate at a maximum temperature of 175 deg C. Overtempering of the rings was indicated by the reduced hardness in comparison to unfailed rings. Severe damage to approximately 20% of the load-bearing surface, with more damage on one of the shoulders of the groove, was revealed during examination of the outer raceway of the bearing which indicated misalignment of the bearing. No damage other than spalling cavities in the inner-ring raceway, caused by the elongated subsurface inclusion revealed by metallographic examination of circumferential section of the largest cavity, was exhibited by the second bearing. It was concluded that the fracture of the cage was caused by overheating and misalignment caused excessive stressing of the bearing on the main shaft.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... was made of 1141 steel, the shaft 1117 steel, and the drive wheel 52100 steel. It was found that failure of the clutch-drive support assembly occurred as a result of fatigue fracture of the taper pin. A loose fit between the drive wheel and the shaft and between the drive wheel and the pin permitted...
Abstract
The drive wheel on a clutch-drive support assembly was slightly loose and caused clutch failures in service after 680,000 cycles. After failure, removal of the taper pin holding the drive wheel on the shaft was difficult, indicating that the pin was tight in the assembly. The taper pin was made of 1141 steel, the shaft 1117 steel, and the drive wheel 52100 steel. It was found that failure of the clutch-drive support assembly occurred as a result of fatigue fracture of the taper pin. A loose fit between the drive wheel and the shaft and between the drive wheel and the pin permitted movement that resulted in fatigue failure. Fretting of the pin and drive shaft was observed but did not appear to have contributed to the failure. To prevent reoccurrence, the assembly should be redesigned to include an interference fit between the shaft and the drive wheel. The drive wheel and the shaft should be taper reamed at assembly to ensure proper fit. In addition, receiving inspection should be more critical of the components and accept only those that meet specifications.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001900
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract Incorrect grounding of an electric motor resulted in electric current passing through a 52100 steel ball bearing and caused multiple arcing between the rolling elements. The multiple arcing developed a pattern on the outer race known as ‘fluting’. A section of ball race outer showed...
Abstract
Incorrect grounding of an electric motor resulted in electric current passing through a 52100 steel ball bearing and caused multiple arcing between the rolling elements. The multiple arcing developed a pattern on the outer race known as ‘fluting’. A section of ball race outer showed the distinct banding (fluting) resulting from spark discharges while the bearing was rotating. The severe distress of the surface resulted in unacceptable levels of vibration. An SEM photograph of the banded regions showed smoothing of the asperities from continued operation is evident. In the craters the residue of partial melting was seen.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... the pitch control thrust bearing set, head bolts, hub fork, and actuator rod end, were examined in more detail The thrust bearing set (52100 steel) was identified as the probable source of the uncommanded pitch angle change. A complete failure analysis of the bearing indicated that failure was precipitated...
Abstract
An accidental overspeed condition during wind tunnel testing resulted in the destruction of a propeller rotor The occurrence was initially attributed to malfunction in the collective pitch control system. All fractured parts in the system were inspected. Highly suspect parts, including the pitch control thrust bearing set, head bolts, hub fork, and actuator rod end, were examined in more detail The thrust bearing set (52100 steel) was identified as the probable source of the uncommanded pitch angle change. A complete failure analysis of the bearing indicated that failure was precipitated by excessive heating, causing cage disintegration, plastic flow of the races and balls, and eventual separation of inner and outer races. It was recommended that the bearing set be resized to accommodate the large thrust as and that a thermocouple be added to monitor the condition of the bearing during testing.
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in Thrust Bearing Failure Leading to the Destruction of a Propeller Rotor
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 11 Micrograph of a section of bearing outer race core. The microstructure is typical of heat-treated 52100 steel. 276×
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in Fretting Failure of Raceways on 52100 Steel Rings of an Automotive Front- Wheel Bearing
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Automotive front-wheel bearing that failed by fretting of raceways on inner and outer 52100 steel rings. Dimensions given in inches
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 39 Automotive front-wheel bearing that failed by fretting of raceways on inner and outer 52100 steel rings. Dimensions given in inches
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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 39 Automotive front-wheel bearing that failed by fretting of raceways on inner and outer AISI 52100 (100Cr6 or WN 1.3505) steel rings. Dimensions given in inches
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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 54 Stress-time map of the appearance of various microstructural changes for a standard bearing steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6 or WN 1.3505). DEA, dark-etching area. Source: Ref 44
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in Failure of Electric Motor Ball Bearing
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Polished and etched (nital) taper section adjacent to the end of one of the bands. Magnification 400× a - Base steel (52100); fine dispersion of alloy carbides in tempered martensite matrix. b - White fresh martensite caused by reheating of the surface by the spark discharge. c
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). However, steel from these secondary refining processes is still required for bearings in high-reliability applications, such as aircraft engines. The bearing industry has used through-hardened material, such as 52100, for ball bearings since early introduction in Europe...
Abstract
Rolling-element bearings use rolling elements interposed between two raceways, and relative motion is permitted by the rotation of these elements. This article presents an overview of bearing materials, bearing-load ratings, and an examination of failed bearings. Rolling-element bearings are designed on the principle of rolling contact rather than sliding contact; frictional effects, although low, are not negligible, and lubrication is essential. The article lists the typical characteristics and causes of several types of failures. It describes failure by wear, failure by fretting, failure by corrosion, failure by plastic flow, failure by rolling-contact fatigue, and failure by damage. The article discusses the effects of fabrication practices, heat treatment and hardness of bearing components, and lubrication of rolling-element bearings with a few examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006792
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of rolling-element bearings are made out of steel, and more specifically, most bearings are made out of AISI 52100 steel. This material is generally used unless there is a specific justification for another material to be used (e.g., high speed, high temperature, corrosion, severe shock loads). An overview...
Abstract
Rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) is a common failure mode in components subjected to rolling or rolling-sliding contact. This article provides a basic understanding of RCF and a broad overview of materials and manufacturing techniques commonly used in industry to improve component life. A brief discussion on coatings to improve surface-initiated fatigue and wear is included, due to the similarity to RCF and the increasing criticality of this failure mode. The article presents a working knowledge of Hertzian contact theory, describes the life prediction of rolling-element bearings, and provides information on physics and testing of rolling-contact fatigue. Processes commonly used to produce bearings for demanding applications are also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... name WN material number Composition, wt% C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Group I, through-hardening bearing steels AISI 50100 … 0.98 0.15 0.25 … … 0.4 … … AISI 51100 … 0.98 0.15 0.25 … … 0.9 … … AISI 52100 … 0.98–1.10 0.20–0.35 0.25–0.45 0...
Abstract
This article is dedicated to the fields of mechanical engineering and machine design. It also intends to give a nonexhaustive view of the preventive side of the failure analysis of rolling-element bearings (REBs) and of some of the developments in terms of materials and surface engineering. The article presents the nomenclature, numbering systems, and worldwide market of REBs as well as provides description of REBs as high-tech machine components. It discusses heat treatments, performance, and properties of bearing materials. The processes involved in the examination of failed bearings are also explained. Finally, the article discusses in detail the characteristics and prevention of the various types of failures of REBs: wear, fretting, corrosion, plastic flow, rolling-contact fatigue, and damage. The article includes an Appendix, which lists REB-related abbreviations, association websites, and ISO standards.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... to provide the requisite surface hardness and desirable core properties. Through-hardened material such as SAE-52100 steel has been widely used in European bearing industry, while low-carbon-base carburizing steels such as SAE-8620 gained acceptance in the United States. The advantages of a carburized SAE...
Abstract
An extensive metallurgical investigation was carried out on samples of a failed roller bearing from the support and tilting system of a basic oxygen furnace converter used in the steel melting shop of an integrated steel plant. The converter bearing was fabricated from low-carbon, carburizing grade steel and had failed in service within a year of fitting to a repaired shaft. Microscopic observations of both the broken roller and inner-race samples revealed subsurface cracking and preponderance of brittle oxide and other macroinclusions. Electron probe microanalysis studies confirmed that the brittle oxides that formed stringers were alumina, and the other macroinclusions were complex silicates. Both the alumina and silicate inclusions were deleterious to contact-fatigue properties. Microstructurally, the carburized regions of the broken roller and of inner-race samples contained high-carbon tempered martensite. Microhardness measurements revealed that. Although the core hardness of the roller and the inner-race samples were similar, the surface hardness of the roller was approximately 8.5 HRC units harder than that of the inner-race. SEM observations of the roller fracture surface revealed striations indicative of fatigue, and EDS analyses corroborated a high incidence of silicate inclusions at crack sites. The study suggests that the failure of the bearing occurred because the hardness difference between the roller bearing and the inner-race surfaces resulted in wear of the inner-race. The wear led to shaft misalignment and play during service. The misalignment, coupled with the presence of inclusions, caused fatigue failure of the roller bearing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Abstract
Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to an industry and the specific requirements of that industry. It is necessary to be knowledgeable about defining the requirements of the failure at hand. The saying “one man's trash is another man's treasure” applies to failures. For example, thin dense chrome plating on Unified Numbering System (UNS) 52100...
Abstract
This article reviews the most common reasons for failures and the purpose of a failure investigation. It discusses the nine steps for the organization of a good failure investigation. The three basic tools that are helpful in any failure investigation, namely, a fault tree, a failure mode assessment chart, and a technical plan for resolution chart, are reviewed. The article briefly describes failure investigation pitfalls and concludes with information on the other common tools used for failure investigation and root cause determination.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Ahmadabadi M. : Tribological behavior of NiTi alloy against 52100 steel and WC at elevated temperatures . Mater. Charact . 61 , 689 – 695 ( 2010 ) 10.1016/j.matchar.2010.03.017 Selected References Selected References • Widner R. , Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings , Failure...
Abstract
An air blower in an electric power plant failed unexpectedly when a roller bearing in the drive motor fractured along its outer ring. Both rings, as well as the 18 rolling elements, were made from GCr15 bearing steel. The bearing also included a machined brass (MA/C3) cage and was packed with molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) lithium grease. Metallurgical structures and chemical compositions of the bearing’s matrix materials were inspected using a microscope and photoelectric direct reading spectrometer. SEM/EDS was used to examine the local morphology and composition of fracture and contact surfaces. Chemical and thermal properties of the bearing grease were also examined. The investigation revealed that the failure was caused by wear due to dry friction and impact, both of which worsened as a result of high-temperature degradation of the bearing grease. Fatigue cracks initiated in the corners of the outer ring and grew large enough for a fracture to occur.