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Cássio Barbosa, Jôneo Lopes do Nascimento, José Luiz Fernandes, Ibrahim de Cerqueira Abud
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract A coupling in a line-shaft vertical turbine pump installed in a dam foundation fractured after a very short time. The coupling material was ASTM A582 416 martensitic stainless steel. Visual, macrofractographic, and scanning electron microscopic examination of the coupling showed...
Abstract
A coupling in a line-shaft vertical turbine pump installed in a dam foundation fractured after a very short time. The coupling material was ASTM A582 416 martensitic stainless steel. Visual, macrofractographic, and scanning electron microscopic examination of the coupling showed that the fracture was brittle and was initiated by an intergranular cracking mechanism. The mode of fracture outside the crack initiation zone was transgranular cleavage. No indication of fatigue was found. The failure was attributed to improper heat treatment during manufacture, which resulted in a brittle microstructure susceptible to corrosion. The crack initiated either by stress-corrosion or hydrogen cracking. It was recommended that the couplings in the system be examined for surface cracking and, if present, corrective measures be taken.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract The bottom flange of a vertical pipe coupled to an isolating valve in a steam supply line to a turbine failed. Steam pressure was 1,500 psi and the temperature 416 deg C (780 deg F). Multiple cracking occurred in the bore of the flange. A quarter-segment was cut out and examined...
Abstract
The bottom flange of a vertical pipe coupled to an isolating valve in a steam supply line to a turbine failed. Steam pressure was 1,500 psi and the temperature 416 deg C (780 deg F). Multiple cracking occurred in the bore of the flange. A quarter-segment was cut out and examined. The cracks were located in the part of the flange that formed a continuation of the pipe bore. The majority of them originated at the end of the flange bore and extended axially along the pipe and radially across the flange face. Magnetic crack detection revealed a further number of cracks in the weld deposit. While the fracture in the weld metal was of the ductile type exhibiting a fine fibrous appearance, that in the flange material was of the cleavage type. Microscopic examination revealed that the cracks were blunt-ended fissures of the type characteristic of corrosion-fatigue. It was concluded that cracking was due to corrosion-fatigue, which arose from the combined effect of a fluctuating tensile stress in the presence of a mildly corrosive environment.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0047917
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract The support bearing of a hydrofoil vessel failed after only 220 h of operation. The bearing consisted of an outer ring made of chromium-plated AISI type 416 stainless steel and an inner ring with a spherical outer surface made of AISI type 440C stainless steel, with a plastic material...
Abstract
The support bearing of a hydrofoil vessel failed after only 220 h of operation. The bearing consisted of an outer ring made of chromium-plated AISI type 416 stainless steel and an inner ring with a spherical outer surface made of AISI type 440C stainless steel, with a plastic material, bonded to the outer ring, between the two. The inner ring was found to have failed in four places. The two metallic rings were allowed to come in contact with each other by the disappearance of the plastic material. It was revealed by examination of the fracture surfaces of the inner ring that the failure was caused by fatigue initiated in corrosion pits (caused by seawater). The fracture was found to be transgranular. It was recommended that the inner and outer rings should both be made from the more corrosion resistant 17-4 PH (AISI type 630) stainless steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0006417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... the possibility of inhibitor buildup and the eventual clogging of the hole. A change in the manufacturing process to include a cadmium plating on the hole inside surface was recommended. This was to be accomplished in accordance with MIL specification QQ-P-416, Type II, Class 1. A material change to 300-series...
Abstract
A cadmium-plated 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo steel ballast elbow assembly was submitted for failure analysis to determine the element or radical present in an oxidation product found inside the elbow assembly. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis in the SEM showed that iron was the predominant species, presumably in an oxide form. The inside surface had the appearance of typical corrosion products. Hardness measurements indicated that the 4340 steel was heat treated to a strength of approximately 862 MPa (125 ksi). It was concluded that the oxide detected on the ballast elbow was iron oxide. The possibility that the corrosion products would eventually create a blockage of the affected hole was great considering the small hole diameter (4.2 mm, or 0.165 in.). It was recommended that a quick fix to stop the corrosion would be to apply a corrosion inhibitor inside the hole. This, however, would cause the possibility of inhibitor buildup and the eventual clogging of the hole. A change in the manufacturing process to include a cadmium plating on the hole inside surface was recommended. This was to be accomplished in accordance with MIL specification QQ-P-416, Type II, Class 1. A material change to 300-series stainless steel was also recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001648
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... environment and creating conditions favorable to hydrogen stress cracking. This paper describes the analysis of the fracture of the coupling and provides an example of how biologically induced corrosion can result in unexpected fracture of a relatively basic machine part. Biological organisms 416 UNS...
Abstract
During a routine start-up exercise of a standby service water pump, a threaded coupling that joined sections of a 41.5 ft (12.7 m) long pump shaft experienced fracture. The pump was taken out of service and examined to determine the cause of fracture. It was apparent early in the examination that the fracture involved hydrogen stress cracking. However, the nature of the corrosive attack suggested an interaction between the threaded coupling and biological organisms living in the freshwater environment of the pump shaft. The organisms had colonized on the coupling, changing the local environment and creating conditions favorable to hydrogen stress cracking. This paper describes the analysis of the fracture of the coupling and provides an example of how biologically induced corrosion can result in unexpected fracture of a relatively basic machine part.
Image
in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel Bolts
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Microstructures of stainless steel bolts that failed from SCC. (a) Branched intergranular cracking in a type 410 stainless steel bolt from lot 1 (see Example). Etched with picral plus HCl. 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless steel bolt typical of those in lots 2 and 3 (see
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Microstructures of stainless steel bolts that failed from SCC. (a) Branched intergranular cracking in a type 410 stainless steel bolt from lot 1 (see Example 4 ). Etched with picral plus HCl. 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless steel bolt typical of those in lots 2 and 3
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 9 Microstructures of stainless steel bolts that failed from stress-corrosion cracking. (a) Branched intergranular cracking in a type 410 stainless steel bolt from lot 1 (see Example 4). Etched with picral plus HCl. Original magnification: 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0091893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... of Rolling-Element Bearings, Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 10, Metals Handbook , 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1975, p 416–437. Selected Reference Selected Reference • Bayer R.G. , Fundamentals of Wear Failures , Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 11 , ASM Handbook...
Abstract
An automotive front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing generated considerable noise shortly after delivery of the vehicle. The inner and outer rings were made of seamless cold-drawn 52100 steel tubing, the balls were forged from 52100 steel, and the retainer was stamped from 1008 steel strip. The inner ring, outer ring, and balls were austenitized at 845 deg C (about 1550 deg F), oil quenched, and tempered to a hardness of 60 to 64 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fretting due to vibration of the stationary vehicle position without bearing rotation. Recommendations included improving methods of securing the vehicle during transportation to eliminate vibrations.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Pertinent Specifications The pitch horn bolt was fabricated from AISI 4340 steel in accordance with AMS 6414, and subsequently heat treated to attain an ultimate tensile strength range of 1241 to 1379 MPa (180 to 200 ksi). The bolts were electrolytically cadmium plated per QQ-P-416. The bolts were...
Abstract
One of the two AISI 4340 steel pitch horn bolts from the main rotor hub assembly failed while in service. Optical microscope revealed evidence of corrosion pitting in regions adjacent to the fracture. Fractographic examination utilizing a scanning electron microscope revealed multiple crack origins which assumed a “thumbnail” shape and displayed surface morphologies which resulted from intergranular decohesion. Many of the crack sites initiated from corrosion pits. Energy dispersive spectroscope performed on areas within the crack initiation site showed the presence of chlorides. The failure was attributed to stress-corrosion cracking. Short- and long-term recommendations to prevent future failures are given.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... treated to a tensile strength of 1240 to 1380 MPa (180 to 200 ksi) and a hardness of 39 to 43 HRC and then cadmium plated per QQ-P-416 type II class 2 (23 h bake). Visual Examination of General Physical Features The bolt fractured through the head-to-shank fillet, a type of failure usually...
Abstract
A heat-treated, cadmium-plated AISI 8740 steel bolt broke through the head-to-shank fillet while being handled during assembly. Fractographic and metallographic examination of the bolt traced the cause of failure to quench cracking, which occurred when the part was water cooled following hot heading and prior to the production run. The process chart for hot heading was changed from water quenching to air cooling following the forming operation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... bolt from lot 1 (see Example). Etched with picral plus HCl. 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless steel bolt typical of those in lots 2 and 3 (see Example). Same etchant as (a). 100×. (c) to (e) Typical fracture surfaces of the bolts showing carbide particles (c), intergranular fracture (d...
Abstract
Stainless steel bolts broke after short-term exposure in boiler feed-pump applications. Specifications required that the bolts be made of a 12% Cr high-strength steel with a composition conforming to that of AISI type 410 stainless steel. Several bolts from three different installations were examined. It was found that fracture of the bolts was by intergranular stress corrosion. A metallic copper-containing antiseizure compound on the bolts in a corrosive medium set up an electro-chemical cell that produced trenchlike fissures or pits for fracture initiation. Because the bolts were not subjected to cyclic loading, fatigue or corrosion fatigue was not possible. To prevent reoccurrence, bolts were required to conform to the specified chemical composition. The hardness range for the bolts was changed from 35 to 45 HRC to 18 to 24 HRC. Petroleum jelly was used as an antiseizure lubricant in place of the copper-containing compound. As a result of these changes, bolt life was increased to more than three years.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001733
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... D. J. : How Components Fail , ASM , Metals Park, Ohio , 1966 . 11. Phillips A. , Kerlins V. , and Whiteson B. V. : Electron Fractography Handbook , ML-TDR-64-416, Af Mat. Lab. , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio , 1965 . 12. Brothers A. J. and Yukawa S...
Abstract
Drive cables from a rubber processing machine were failing in less than 8 h of operation, the expected service life being much greater than 100 h. Comparison cables were tested to failure under known stress conditions, including tensile overload, torsional loading, reversed bending alternating stress, and buckling (compressive) cyclic loading. The mode of failure was found to be reversed bending fatigue caused by drive cables moving over guide pulleys of small radii. Modifications of the machinery and drive cable system were suggested.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of an outer ring made of chromium-plated AISI type 416 stainless steel and an inner ring with a spherical outer surface made of AISI type 440C stainless steel, with a plastic material between the two. The plastic material was bonded to the outer ring. Fig. 8 Plastic-lined stainless steel spherical...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of sliding bearings and describes the major groups of soft metal bearing materials: babbitts, copper-lead bearing alloys, bronze, and aluminum alloys. It provides a discussion on the methods for fluid-film lubrication in bearings. The article presents the variables of interest for a rotating shaft and the load-carrying capacity and surface roughness of bearings. Grooves and depressions are often provided in bearing surfaces to supply or feed lubricant to the load-carrying regions. The article explains the effect of contaminants in bearings and presents the steps for failure analysis of sliding bearings. It also reviews the factors responsible for bearing failure with examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... , Materials Park, OH , 1164 pages 13. Azevedo C.R.F. , Cescon T. : Análise de Falha e Metalografia, Casos Selecionados (1933–2003) (Failure Analysis and Metallography, Selected Cases (1933–2003)) , IPT (Technology Research Institute) , Sa˜o Paulo , Brazil , 1st ed. , 416 pages ( 2004...
Abstract
The shafts on two centrifugal pumps failed during use in a petroleum refinery. Light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the damaged materials to determine the cause of failure. The results showed that one shaft, made of duplex stainless steel, failed by fatigue fracture, and the other, made of 316 austenitic stainless steel, experienced a similar fracture, which was promoted by the presence of nonmetallic inclusion particles.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... be observed, Fig. 8b . In Fig. 8b , the wave numbers around 416 and 568 cm –1 are, respectively, ascribed to the peaks of copper and molybdenum oxides, i.e., they correspond to the wear debris of the cage and the oxidation products of the MoS 2 additives in the grease. Meanwhile, 1335, 1681, 1767...
Abstract
An air blower in an electric power plant failed unexpectedly when a roller bearing in the drive motor fractured along its outer ring. Both rings, as well as the 18 rolling elements, were made from GCr15 bearing steel. The bearing also included a machined brass (MA/C3) cage and was packed with molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) lithium grease. Metallurgical structures and chemical compositions of the bearing’s matrix materials were inspected using a microscope and photoelectric direct reading spectrometer. SEM/EDS was used to examine the local morphology and composition of fracture and contact surfaces. Chemical and thermal properties of the bearing grease were also examined. The investigation revealed that the failure was caused by wear due to dry friction and impact, both of which worsened as a result of high-temperature degradation of the bearing grease. Fatigue cracks initiated in the corners of the outer ring and grew large enough for a fracture to occur.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... , October 1967 2. Philips A. , Kerlins V. , and Whiteson B.V. , Electron Fractography Handbook , Technical Report ML-TDR-64-416, January 1965 3. Hudgins C.M. et al. , “Hydrogen Sulfide Cracking of Carbon and Alloy Steels,” Corrosion , Vol. 22 , August 1966...
Abstract
Sudden and unexplained bearing cap bolt fractures were experienced with reduced-shank design bolts fabricated from 42 CrMo 4 steel, quenched and tempered to a nominal hardness of 38 to 40 HRC. Fractographic analysis provided evidence favoring stress-corrosion cracking as the operating transgranular fracture failure mechanism. Water containing H7S was subsequently identified as the aggressive environment that precipitated the fractures in the presence of high tensile stress. This environment was generated by the chemical breakdown of the engine oil additive and moisture ingress into the normally sealed bearing cap chamber surrounding the bolt shank. A complete absence of fractures in bolts from one of the two vendors was attributed primarily to surface residual compressive stresses produced on the bolt shank by a finish machining operation after heat treatment. Shot cleaning, with fine cast shot, produced a surface residual compressive stress, which eliminated stress-corrosion fractures under severe laboratory conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006914
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... … … Wood 220–264 428–507 260–416 500–781 Cotton 230–266 446–511 254 489 Source: Ref 5 Flame Spread Flame spread, or propagation, can be defined as the rate of travel of a flame front under given conditions of burning ( Ref 10 ). It can also be viewed as a series of progressive...
Abstract
A material is flammable if it is subject to easy ignition and rapidly flaming combustion. The plastics that are most widely used are the least expensive and tend to be the most flammable. This article describes the two basic approaches to improving the fire resistance of a polymeric material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Method,” Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold Concepts , Davidson D.L. and Suresh S. , Ed., Met. Soc. AIME , 1984 , pp. 399 – 416 . 19. Phoplonker M.A. , Byrne J. , Duggan T.V. , Scheffel R.D. , and Barnes P. : “Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth...
Abstract
Failures of various types of hydraulic couplings used to connect pipes in a naval vessel are described and used to illustrate some of the general procedures for failure analysis. Cracking of couplings, which were manufactured from nickel-aluminum- bronze extruded bar, occurred in both seawater and air environments. Cracks initiated at an unusually wide variety of sites and propagated in either longitudinal or circumferential directions with respect to the axis of the couplings. Fracture surfaces were intergranular and exhibited little or no sign of corrosion (for couplings cracked in air), and there was very limited plasticity. Macroscopic progression markings were observed on fracture surfaces of several couplings but were not generally evident. At very high magnifications, numerous slip lines, progression markings, and striations were observed. In a few cases, where complete separation had occurred in service, small areas of dimpled overload fracture were observed. It was concluded from these observations, and from comparisons of cracks produced in service with cracks produced by laboratory testing under various conditions, that cracking had occurred by fatigue. The primary cause of failure was probably the unanticipated presence of high-frequency stress cycles with very low amplitudes, possibly due to vibration, resonance, or acoustic waves transmitted through the hydraulic fluid. Secondary causes of failure included the presence of high tensile residual stresses in one type of coupling, undue stress concentrations at some of the crack-initiation sites, and overtorquing of some couplings during installation. Recommendations on ways to prevent further failures based on these causes are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006806
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... type 416 stainless steel and an inner ring with a spherical outer surface made of AISI type 440C stainless steel, with a plastic material between the two. The plastic material was bonded to the outer ring. The inner ring had failed in four places, as shown, and several less serious cracks had begun...
Abstract
A mechanical part, which supports the moving part, is termed a mechanical bearing and can be classified into rolling (ball or roller) bearings and sliding bearings. This article discusses the failures of sliding bearings. It first describes the geometry of sliding bearings, next provides an overview of bearing materials, and then presents the various lubrication mechanisms: hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, boundary lubrication, elastohydrodynamic, and squeeze-film lubrication. The article describes the effect of debris and contaminant particles in bearings. The steps involved in failure analysis of sliding bearings are also covered. Finally, the article discusses wear-damage mechanisms from the standpoint of bearing design.
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