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1040
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Abstract The fan drive support shaft, specified to be made of cold-drawn 1040 to 1045 steel, fractured after 2240 miles of service. It was revealed by visual examination of the shaft that the fracture had initiated near the fillet at an abrupt change in shaft diameter. The cracks originated...
Abstract
The fan drive support shaft, specified to be made of cold-drawn 1040 to 1045 steel, fractured after 2240 miles of service. It was revealed by visual examination of the shaft that the fracture had initiated near the fillet at an abrupt change in shaft diameter. The cracks originated at two locations approximately 180 deg apart on the outer surface of the shaft and propagated toward the center. Features typical of reversed-bending fatigue were exhibited by the fracture. A tensile specimen was machined from the center of the shaft and it indicated much lower yield strength (369 MPa) than specified. It was disclosed by metallographic examination that the microstructure was predominantly equiaxed ferrite and pearlite which indicated that the material was in either the hot-worked or normalized condition. An improvement of fatigue strength of the shaft by the development of a quenched-and-tempered microstructure was recommended.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0047860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... Abstract The 1040 steel crankshaft in a reciprocating engine cracked within one year of operation. The journals of the main and crankpin bearings were inspected by the magnetic-particle method. Three to six indications of 1.5 to 9.5 mm long discontinuities were observed in at least four...
Abstract
The 1040 steel crankshaft in a reciprocating engine cracked within one year of operation. The journals of the main and crankpin bearings were inspected by the magnetic-particle method. Three to six indications of 1.5 to 9.5 mm long discontinuities were observed in at least four of the main-bearing journals. A crack along the fillet, almost entirely through the web, was observed in one of the main-bearing journals. Numerous coarse segregates, identified as sulfide inclusions, were identified by macroetching the surface during metallographic examination of a section taken through the main-bearing journal at the primary crack. Fatigue cracking with low-stress high-cycle characteristics was disclosed during macroscopic examination of the crack surface. Sulfide inclusions, which acted as stress raisers, were found to be present in the region where cracking originated. As a corrective measure, ultrasonic inspection was used in addition to magnetic-particle inspection to detect discontinuities.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0048077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... examination. The shaft was identified by chemical analysis to be 1040 steel (hardness 170 HRB) which was concluded to have insufficient fatigue strength. The step at the base of the fillet was revealed as the point of initiation of the fatigue crack. Shaft material was changed to 4140 steel oil-quenched...
Abstract
The 14-cm diam main hoist shaft of a mobile shovel was found to have multiple crack indications when ultrasonically inspected in the field. A crack around the entire circumference at the change in section was revealed by magnetic-particle inspection of the shaft. The crack was found to coincide with the junction of the fillet and the smaller diam at this change in section. A slight step in the continuity of the fillet and some machining marks were noted at this junction. A fine crack extending 2.5 mm from the surface and originating at the machining marks was revealed by microscopic examination. The shaft was identified by chemical analysis to be 1040 steel (hardness 170 HRB) which was concluded to have insufficient fatigue strength. The step at the base of the fillet was revealed as the point of initiation of the fatigue crack. Shaft material was changed to 4140 steel oil-quenched and tempered to a hardness of 302 to 352 HRB and all machining discontinuities were removed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0046205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract The splined shaft (1040 steel, heat treated to a hardness of 44 to 46 HRC and a tensile strength of approximately 1448 MPa, or 210 ksi) from a front-end loader used in a salt-handling area broke after being in service approximately two weeks while operating at temperatures near -18 deg...
Abstract
The splined shaft (1040 steel, heat treated to a hardness of 44 to 46 HRC and a tensile strength of approximately 1448 MPa, or 210 ksi) from a front-end loader used in a salt-handling area broke after being in service approximately two weeks while operating at temperatures near -18 deg C (0 deg F). During the summer, similar shafts had a service life of 5 to eight months. Examination of the fracture surface showed brittle fatigue cracks, and visual examination of the splines disclosed heavy chatter marks at the root of the spline, with burrs and tears at the fillet area. Evidence found supports the conclusion that the shaft failed as the result of stress in the sharp fillets and rough surfaces at the root of the splines. Cold weather failure occurred sooner than in hot weather because ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the 1040 steel shaft was too high. Recommendations include redesign of the fillet radius to a minimum of 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) and a maximum surface finish in the spline area of 0.8 microns. Material for the shafts should be modified to a nickel alloy steel, heat treated to a hardness of 28 to 32 HRC before machining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... Abstract A 10,890-kg coil hook torch cut from 1040 steel plate failed while lifting a load of 13,600 kg after eight years of service. The normal ironing (wear) marks were exhibited by the inner surface of the hook. It was revealed by visual examination that cracking had originated at the inside...
Abstract
A 10,890-kg coil hook torch cut from 1040 steel plate failed while lifting a load of 13,600 kg after eight years of service. The normal ironing (wear) marks were exhibited by the inner surface of the hook. It was revealed by visual examination that cracking had originated at the inside radius of the hook. Beach marks (typical of fatigue fracture) were found extending over approximately 20% of the fracture surface. Numerous cracks were revealed by macroscopic examination of the torch-cut surfaces. It was revealed by macrograph of an etched specimen that the cracks had initiated in a hardened martensitic zone at the torch-cut surface and had extended up to the coarse pearlite structure beneath the martensitic zone. The fatigue fracture was concluded to have initiated in the brittle martensitic surface while failure was contributed by the 25% overload. As a corrective measure, the coil hooks were flame cut from ASTM A242 fine-grain steel plate, ground to remove the material damaged by flame cutting and stress relieved at 620 deg C.
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in Fracture of a 1040 Steel Fan Shaft Resulting From Use of an Improper Material
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 1040 steel fan shaft that fractured in reversed-bending fatigue. (a) Overall view of shaft. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface showing diametrically opposed origins (arrows)
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in Fatigue Cracking of a 1040 Steel Crankshaft Because of Excessive Segregation of Nonmetallic Inclusions
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Forged 1040 steel main-bearing journal that failed in fatigue. Top: Section showing cracks originating at coarse sulfide inclusions. Dimensions given in inches. Bottom: Macrograph of a 5%-nital-etched section showing the segregated inclusions (dark areas). 4x
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in Fatigue Cracking of a 1040 Steel Main Hoist Shaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Construction, Mining, and Agricultural Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Change in section in a 1040 steel main hoist shaft where a fatigue crack (arrow) was initiated at rough-machining marks and a break in a fillet.
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in Fatigue Fracture of a Shaft for an Amusement Ride Because of Undercuts in Welds
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 AISI 1040 steel shaft for an amusement ride. Fatigue fracture originated at weld undercuts. Two sets of beach marks and a triangular final-fracture zone are visible. Approximately 0.4x
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in Fatigue Fracture of a 1040 Steel Coil Hook
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Torch-cut 1040 steel coil hook that failed by fatigue. (a) Fracture region of the 10,890-kg (12-ton) hook. (b) Macrograph of a nital-etched section showing cracks propagating from the surface (top), which was hardened and embrittled during torch cutting. 7 1 2 ×. (c
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Fracture surface (a) of failed cadmium-plated 1040 steel nose gear door bolt. The crack propagation pattern (arrow indicates the origin) and topography suggest both fatigue and corrosion. (b) Head of bolt showing cracking (arrow) that would lead to separation in a short time. 3x. (c
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 38 AISI 1040 steel shaft for an amusement ride. Fatigue fracture originated at weld undercuts. Two sets of beach marks and a triangular final-fracture zone are visible. Approximately 0.4×
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 43 AISI 1040 steel shaft for an amusement ride. Fatigue fracture originated at weld undercuts. Two sets of beach marks and a triangular final-fracture zone are visible. Original magnification: ~0.4×
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 34 Grade 1040 steel fan shaft that fractured in reversed-bending fatigue. (a) Overall view of shaft. Dimensions given in inches. (b) Fracture surface showing diametrically opposed origins (arrows)
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in Failures of Cranes and Lifting Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 34 Torch-cut grade 1040 steel coil hook that failed by fatigue. (a) Fracture region of the 10,890 kg (12 ton) hook. (b) Macrograph of a nital-etched section showing cracks propagating from the surface (top), which was hardened and embrittled during torch cutting. Original magnification: 7
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in Failures of Cranes and Lifting Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 37 Change in section in a grade 1040 steel main hoist shaft where a fatigue crack (arrow) was initiated at rough-machining marks and a break in a fillet
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in X-Ray Diffraction Residual-Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 22 Residual stresses in peened 1040 steel samples resulting from tension-tension fatigue (the two symbols represent two samples). Source: Ref 61
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091640
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... (1600 psi). The valve stem was reported to have been solution heat treated at 1040 +/-14 deg C (1900 +/-25 deg F) for 30 min and either air quenched or oil quenched to room temperature. The stem was then reportedly aged at 550 to 595 deg C (1025 to 1100 deg F) for four hours. Investigation (visual...
Abstract
A valve stem made of 17-4 PH (AISI type 630) stainless steel, which was used for operating a gate valve in a steam power plant, failed after approximately four months of service, during which it had been exposed to high-purity water at approximately 175 deg C (350 deg F) and 11 MPa (1600 psi). The valve stem was reported to have been solution heat treated at 1040 +/-14 deg C (1900 +/-25 deg F) for 30 min and either air quenched or oil quenched to room temperature. The stem was then reportedly aged at 550 to 595 deg C (1025 to 1100 deg F) for four hours. Investigation (visual inspection, 0.7x/50x images, hardness testing, reheat treatment, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that failure was by progressive SCC that originated at a stress concentration. Also, the solution heat treatment had been either omitted or performed at too high of a temperature, and the aging treatment had been at too low of a temperature. Recommendations included the following heat treatments: after forging, solution heat treat at 1040 deg C (1900 deg F) for one hour, then oil quench; to avoid susceptibility to SCC, age at 595 deg C (1100 deg F) for four hours, then air cool.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c9001574
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... Abstract A CrN coated restrike punch was made of WR-95 (similar to H-11), which was fluidized bed nitrided. The coated punch was used on hot Inconel at about 1040 deg C (1900 deg F). However, a water-soluble graphite coolant was used to maintain the punch temperature at 230 deg C (450 deg F...
Abstract
A CrN coated restrike punch was made of WR-95 (similar to H-11), which was fluidized bed nitrided. The coated punch was used on hot Inconel at about 1040 deg C (1900 deg F). However, a water-soluble graphite coolant was used to maintain the punch temperature at 230 deg C (450 deg F). Visual and binocular inspection at 64+ revealed presence of cracks and complete washout of coating in the working area of the failed punch. Comparison of metallographic cross sections of used and unused punches revealed a significant microstructural transformation in case of the used punch. Presence of a yellow porous layer was clearly evident between the nitrided layer and the coating, in case of the used punch. Cracks were observed to propagate from the outer surface into the bulk. Oxidation was evident along the cracks. The microstructural transformation observed in the case of the used punch was a clear indication of high temperature exposure (due to insufficient cooling) during application. The most probable cause of failure was thermal fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0006432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract A failed 25 x 32 mm (1 x 1 in.) cadmium-plated 1040 carbon steel countersunk head type nose gear door securing bolt with a common screwdriver slot was examined. Fracture originated at a thread root and propagated across the cross section. The topography of the fracture was excessively...
Abstract
A failed 25 x 32 mm (1 x 1 in.) cadmium-plated 1040 carbon steel countersunk head type nose gear door securing bolt with a common screwdriver slot was examined. Fracture originated at a thread root and propagated across the cross section. The topography of the fracture was excessively rough and more granular than would be expected from pure mechanical fatigue. This indicated an allied corrosion mechanism. Cracks other than the one leading to failure were observed. Metallographic examination of the bolt cross section showed many cracks typical of stress-corrosion damage. It was concluded that the bolt failed by a combination of SCC and fatigue. It was recommended that aerospace-quality fasteners meeting NAS 7104, NAS 7204, or NAS 7504 be used to replace the currently used fasteners.