Several of the springs, made of 1.1 mm diam Inconel X-750 wire and used for tightening the interstage packing ring in a high-pressure turbine, were found broken after approximately seven years of operation. Intergranular cracks about 1.3 mm in depth and oriented at an angle of 45 deg to the axis of the wire were revealed by metallographic examination. A light-gray phase, which had the appearance of liquid-metal corrosion, was observed to have penetrated the grains on the fracture surfaces. The spring wires were found to fracture in a brittle manner characteristic of fracture from torsional loading (along a plane 45 deg to the wire axis). Liquid-metal embrittlement was expected to have been caused by metals (Sn, Zn, Pb) which melt much below maximum service temperature of the turbine. The springs were concluded to have fractured by intergranular stress-corrosion cracking promoted by the action of liquid zinc and tin in combination with static and torsional stresses on the spring wire. As a corrective measure, Na, Sn, and Zn which were present in pigmented oil used as a lubricant during spring winding was cleaned thoroughly by the spring manufacturer before shipment to remove all contaminants.

A helical compression spring with ten turns made of 1.8 mm thick wire which was under high pressure during tension applied to a rocker arm broke on the test stand in the third turn. The fracture was a torsion fracture that initiated in the highly loaded inner fiber and showed in its origin the characteristics of a fatigue fracture. A longitudinal fold was located at the fracture crack breakthrough which could still be observed at the fourth and fifth turns, where a further incipient crack originated. A metallographic section was made directly next to the fracture path and the fold was cut. It showed decarburized edges in the outer slanted part and this most likely occurred during rolling. The inner radially proceeding part, however, was probably a fatigue fracture originating in the fold. The fracture of this highly stressed spring was therefore accelerated by a rolling defect. In order to decrease the stress, the construction has meantime been modified.

Life testing of cyclic loaded, miniature extension springs made of 17-7 PH stainless steel wire and AISI 302 Condition B stainless steel wire has shown end hook configuration to be a major source of weakness. To avoid cracking and subsequent fatigue failure, it was found that stress concentration depended on end hook bend sharpness. Also, interference fits are to be avoided in the end hooks of small springs. Additionally, a need for careful consideration of the stress-corrosion properties of candidate materials for spring applications has been demonstrated by stress-corrosion test results for 17-7 PH CH900 and for Custom 455 CH850 stainless steels. Laboratory testing of these two materials in the form of compression springs confirmed the superiority of the 17-7 PH over Custom 455.

During testing of compressors under start/stop conditions, several helical suspension springs failed. The ensuing failure investigation showed that the springs failed due to fatigue. The analysis showed that during start/stop testing the springs would undergo both a lateral and axial deflection, greatly increasing the torsional stresses on the spring. To understand the fatigue limits under these test conditions, a bench test was used to establish the fatigue strength of the springs. The bench tests showed that the failed springs had an unacceptable surface texture that reduced the fatigue life. Based on an understanding of the compressor motion, a Monte Carlo model was developed based on a linear damage theory to predict the fatigue life of the springs during start/stop conditions. The results of this model were compared to actual test data. The model showed that the design was marginal even for springs with acceptable surface texture. The model was then used to predict the fatigue life requirements on the bench test such that the reliability goals for the start/stop testing would be met, thus reducing the risk in qualifying the compressor.

A medium-carbon helical spring was installed in a machine assembly that was welded into its final location. Weld spatter was not prevented from landing on the wire surface by any shield. An elongated drop and two tiny droplets of metal were observed a short distance from the fracture. No droplets were revealed at the origin of the fracture, but it was assumed that a drop of molten metal landed at the origin. Adherence of the spatter drop was expected to have been affected by the opening and closing of the fatigue crack. Weld spatter bead was concluded to have caused the fatigue fracture.