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Crystal structure
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-389-8
..., and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning...
Abstract
Alloying, heat treating, and work hardening are widely used to control material properties, and though they take different approaches, they all focus on imperfections of one type or other. This chapter provides readers with essential background on these material imperfections and their relevance in design and manufacturing. It begins with a review of compositional impurities, the physical arrangement of atoms in solid solution, and the factors that determine maximum solubility. It then describes different types of structural imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, and how they respond to applied stresses and strains. The chapter makes extensive use of graphics to illustrate crystal lattice structures and related concepts such as vacancies and interstitial sites, ion migration, volume expansion, antisite defects, edge and screw dislocations, slip planes, twinning planes, and dislocation passage through precipitates. It also points out important structure-property correlations.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract This article defines crystallographic terms and concepts, including crystal structure, unit cell, structure symbols, lattice, space-group notation, and atom position. It schematically illustrates the atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice...
Abstract
This article defines crystallographic terms and concepts, including crystal structure, unit cell, structure symbols, lattice, space-group notation, and atom position. It schematically illustrates the atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice parameters for some of the simple metallic crystals. A table that lists the crystal structures of various metal elements is presented. The crystal structures are described by the Pearson symbols for crystal system, space lattice, total number of atoms per unit cell, and prototype structure. The article tabulates the assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to Pearson symbol. It also provides information on crystal defects, explaining some significant ones, such as point defects, line defects, stacking faults, and twins.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0006544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract The crystal structure of a material is an important aspect of corrosion and oxidation processes. This article provides a general introduction to the crystal structure of materials, providing information on the crystal systems, lattice dimensions, nomenclature, and solid-solution...
Abstract
The crystal structure of a material is an important aspect of corrosion and oxidation processes. This article provides a general introduction to the crystal structure of materials, providing information on the crystal systems, lattice dimensions, nomenclature, and solid-solution mechanisms used to characterize structures. It illustrates the unit cells and ion positions for some simple metal crystals, arranged alphabetically according to the Pearson symbol. The space lattice and crystal system, space-group notation, and prototype for each crystal are also illustrated.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003722
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes crystallographic terms and concepts and illustrates various crystal structures. The crystallographic terms described include crystal structure, unit cell, crystal system, lattice, structure symbols, space-group notation, structure prototype, atom positions, point...
Abstract
This article describes crystallographic terms and concepts and illustrates various crystal structures. The crystallographic terms described include crystal structure, unit cell, crystal system, lattice, structure symbols, space-group notation, structure prototype, atom positions, point groups, and equivalent positions. The article presents a table of assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to the Pearson symbol. It also schematically illustrates atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice parameters for some of the simple metallic crystals. The article concludes with a description of some of the most significant crystal defects such as point defects, line defects, and stacking faults.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms or molecules in the solid state that involves consideration of defects, or abnormalities, in idealized atomic/molecular arrangements. The three-dimensional aggregation of unit cells in the crystal forms a space lattice or Bravais lattice...
Abstract
Crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms or molecules in the solid state that involves consideration of defects, or abnormalities, in idealized atomic/molecular arrangements. The three-dimensional aggregation of unit cells in the crystal forms a space lattice or Bravais lattice. This article provides a brief review of the terms and basic concepts associated with crystal structures. It also discusses some of the significant defects obstructing plastic flow in real crystals, namely point defects, line defects, stacking faults, twins, and cold work. Several tables in the article provide information on the crystal structures and lattice parameters of allotropes of metallic elements.
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in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 1 Deformation in a metal crystal. When a crystal structure is stressed, the atomic bonds stretch or contract as shown. (a) Portion of unstrained lattice crystal. (b) Lattice deformed elastically. (c) Slip deformation. (d) Example of dislocation. Note the extra row of atoms above the slip
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in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.1 Deformation in a metal crystal. When a crystal structure is stressed, the atomic bonds stretch or contract as shown. (a) Portion of unstrained lattice crystal. (b) Lattice deformed elastically. (c) Slip deformation. (d) Example of dislocation with extra row of atoms above the slip
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Image
Published: 30 September 2023
Figure 6.17: Surface structure of phosphate crystallites. (a) Needle crystal structure; (b) block crystal structure. Source: Courtesy of N. Bay [ 70 ].
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in Ordered Intermetallics
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 24 Crystal structure of Ti 3 Al. (a) D 0 19 hexagonal superlattice structure of Ti 3 Al with lattice constants of c = 0.420 nm and a = 0.577 nm. (b) Possible slip planes and slip vectors in the structure
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.2 Body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. A 2 is structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and W is prototype metal with bcc structure. Ferrite in steel is bcc. Source: Ref 3.1
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.3 Face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. A 1 is structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and Cu is prototype metal with fcc structure. Austenite in steel is fcc. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 3.8 Orthorhombic crystal structure of cementite. DO 11 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-2 Face-centered cubic crystal structure. A 1 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and copper is the prototype metal with the fcc structure. Austenite on steel is fcc. Source: Ref 16
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Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-4 Body-centered cubic crystal structure. A 2 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and tungsten is the prototype metal with the bcc structure. Ferrite in steel is bcc. Source: Ref 16
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Image
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 4-7 Orthorhombic crystal structure. DO 11 is the structure (Strukturbericht) symbol, and cementite is the prototype compound with the orthorhombic structure. Source: Ref 16
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Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 2 Crystal structure of diamond (a) and CBN (b) and their allotropes, graphite (c) and hexagonal boron nitride (d)
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Published: 27 April 2016
Fig. 13 Crystal structure and lattice spacing of iron atoms with (a) body-centered cubic crystal structure (ferrite) and (b) face-centered cubic crystal structure (austenite). Source: Ref 12
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Published: 30 September 2023
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in Uranium and Uranium Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 7 Effects of alloy composition on microstructure, crystal structure, and properties of quenched uranium alloys
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in Ordered Intermetallics
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 17 Effects of aluminum content, crystal structure, and temperature on fatigue crack growth in Fe 3 Al. Curves for nickel-base superalloys and Ni 3 Al are shown for comparison. Stress ratio ( R ), 0.1; frequency, 20 Hz. RT, room temperature. Source: Ref 87
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