This article summarizes the more common analytical techniques for studying ancient metal artifacts, illustrated by case histories. There are two main classifications: noninvasive and invasive techniques. This distinction is of prime importance because some heritage objects may be too rare or valuable for invasive sampling, or there may be ethical objections to certain types of examination. Noninvasive examination of ancient metal artifacts is important, yet it cannot provide the detailed information obtainable from invasive techniques. This is especially true when artifacts contain “hidden” damage and there is also a need for accurate quantitative analyses.

Researchers at the University of Akron have developed a high-resolution characterization system that incorporates six gel permeation chromatography columns, two light scattering detectors, a refractive index sensor, and a viscometer. The new system facilitates the study of separated macromolecules and is expected to play a role in the development of safer biopolymers for breast implants.