An examination of a bearing failure due to mismatched and incomplete flame hardening shows the need to work with heat treaters for proper selection and application. The article includes a case study of a large bearing raceway that failed due to incomplete austenitization.

4140 steel, case hardness, incomplete austenitization, outer ring damage, rolling-element bearing failures
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2023
ASM International
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Spalling Bearing steel Ball bearings Austenitizing Surface hardness
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