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Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 694-702, October 21–24, 2019,
... Abstract The spalling of oxide scales at the steam side of superheater and reheater of ultra-supercritical unit is increasingly serious, which threatens the safe and economic operation of the boiler. However, no effective monitoring method is proposed to provide an on-line real-time detection...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 867-876, October 11–14, 2016,
... in steam, the oxide scale in martenitic heat-resistant steels was spalled off, whereas oxide scale in austenitic steels was complete. Figure 3 displays the weight gain of heat-resistant steels and alloys in steam condition at 850°C after 336h. Weight gain of several kinds of steels and alloys are listed...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 647-654, October 21–24, 2019,
... oxidation are not very serious since the steam is a relatively innocuous environment, compared with the severe operating conditions on the fireside of the tubes. The problem is the fact that the oxide scales can start to spall after operating periods in the range of 500 to 50 000 h. The spalled scale...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 312-324, August 31–September 3, 2010,
...-sections of the Co-base alloys show little to no internal oxidation, which can be attributed to their low Al content. Much of the scale on X-45 (Fig. 6) is relatively dense and compact. However, the right-hand side of the image shows where the scale has separated and is indicative of a spall location...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 939-947, October 21–24, 2019,
...-peening as a surface treatment for austenitic steel tubes [18-21]. However, issues remain due to scale lift off (creating a local hot spot in the underlying metal) and erosion damage of steam turbine components due to spalled oxide. Even the use of highly alloyed austenitic steels such as HR3C (310HCbN...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 813-822, October 11–14, 2016,
... problems (e.g. tube failures) arise when the thermally grown oxide scale exfoliates or spalls in large quantities and blocks steam flow or when the scale lifts off but remains in place, creating a local hot spot in the underlying metal [5,8]. Even in small quantities, spalled oxide causes solid particle...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 990-997, October 21–24, 2019,
..., as the scales insulates the material from the steam. This insulating and beneficial effect lasts as long as the spinel is compact, free of voids and in contact with the base metal, hindering steam diffusion towards the base metal. Once the spinel layer spalls the process is restarted and the layers renewed...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 360-370, October 22–25, 2013,
.... Rougher interfaces lead to mixed failure near the YSZ-bond coating interface compared to the smoother diffusion bond coatings, Figure 2. When the top coat spalls (usually in one piece), interfacial cracks proceed through the Figure 4. Average coating lifetimes (number of 1 h cycles to failure) for APS YSZ...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 185-197, August 31–September 3, 2010,
... pileup in the bending member and damage of the turbine blades due to erosion. The pileup of the spalled scale also causes steam starvation and then local overheating (1). Previous studies have demonstrated that the low growth of the oxide scale restrains the exfoliation on the steam-side of 185 the tubes...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 296-303, October 15–18, 2024,
... 3(a). The width of trace was 10~15 cm as they moved downwards, with numerous cracks growing in the hoop direction within these traces. These cracks extended to the outer surface, with more and longer cracks observed at the repair weld (7) (Figure 3(b with surrounding oxide scale spalling. The number...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 821-831, October 22–25, 2013,
... Laboratory (ORNL) under contract DE-AC0500OR22725 with the DOE. REFERENCES [1] E. Metcalfe and M.I. Manning, The Spalling of Steam-Grown Oxide from Austenitic and Ferritic Steels, CERL Report No. RD/L/R1966 (1977). [2] J. Armitt, D.R. Holmes, M.I. Manning, D.B. Meadowcroft, E. Metcalfe, The Spalling of Steam...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 832-843, October 11–14, 2016,
.... In addition to the loss of thermal conductivity, spalled oxide can collect at pipe bends restricting steam flow and eventually cause blockages. Alternatively, the spalled oxide can be carried downstream resulting in enhanced erosion at tube bends and, notably, of the turbine blades. Furthermore, the loss...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 1024-1035, October 21–24, 2019,
... for sample cross-sections. The red coloring to the samples indicates the formation of a hematite (Fe2O3) oxide scale. Oxide was observed to spall from samples starting at 1000 hours exposure, and this can be seen for the 1845-hrs sample image. The measured oxide thickness values are shown together...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 213-242, August 31–September 3, 2010,
.... Meadowcroft, E. Metcalfe The Spalling of Steam Grown Oxide from Superheater and Reheater Tube Steels, EPRI Report No. FP 686 (1978). 4. I.G. Wright, P.F. Tortorelli, and M. Schütze, Oxide Growth and Exfoliation on Alloys Exposed to Steam, EPRI Report No. 1013666 (2007). 5. I.G. Wright and R.B. Dooley...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 803-814, October 22–25, 2013,
... smaller mass changes, reflecting the formation of a thin, protective Cr-rich surface oxide. Alloys with lower Cr contents showed large mass losses in both environments due to the formation of Fe-rich oxide, which spalled during cycling. The model alloys are grouped by Ni content, clearly showing...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 1036-1047, October 21–24, 2019,
... when samples were cycled. The observed mass change values reflect buildup of corrosion products on the surface and also some degree of spalling or loss of surface scale. The depth of attack values shown in Figure 2 are much more informative in providing an accurate assessment of material performance...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 482-490, October 22–25, 2013,
... to absorb elastic energy, acting as a shock-absorber to limit the depth of the strain field and prevent brittle fracture or spalling. As a result, hard coatings or surface layers are typically between 5 and 50 µm in thickness [8]. Even with improved wear rates, however, this leads to part lifetimes of 5...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 924-930, October 11–14, 2016,
... on the specimen surface. EFFECT OF OXIDATION ON CREEP STRENGTH Steamside oxidation on inner surface of tubes leads to thinning of tubes. A conservative assumption is that a full scale spalling will take place in 1 year - thus data of 10 000 is multiplied with 10 for 100 000 h, the annual loss for the inner...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 930-938, October 21–24, 2019,
... was found in the outer scale above the Cr-rich inner layer, Fig. 6f. Otherwise the oxide was similar to that formed in RG sCO2. It is possible that this region spalled during the 10 thermal cycles. Figure 7 shows the more complex scale formed on 282 after 5,000 h in RG sCO2. While primarily a Cr-rich oxide...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 55-65, October 11–14, 2016,
... and reheater tubes is being increasingly utilized by industry to mitigate concerns of steam-grown oxide exfoliation tube failures [5]. Oxide spallation (exfoliation) can result in blockage of tubes when the spalled oxide accumulates in the bottom of the tube bends [6]. Even if fine-grained steel is used...