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1-12 of 12 Search Results for
scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry
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Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 1113-1125, October 11–14, 2016,
... developed VALIORTM T/P92 product was tested at the EDF La Maxe power plant (France) under 167b and 545°C (steam temperature). After 3500h operation, the tubes were removed and characterized by Light Optical Metallography (LOM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry...
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The steam oxidation behaviour of boiler tubes and steam piping components is a limiting factor for improving the efficiency of the current power plants. Spallation of the oxide scales formed during service can cause serious damage to the turbine blades. Vallourec has implemented an innovative solution based on an aluminum diffusion coating applied on the inner surface of the T/P92 steel. The functionality of this coating is to protect the tubular components against spallation and increase the actual operating temperature of the metallic components. In the present study, the newly developed VALIORTM T/P92 product was tested at the EDF La Maxe power plant (France) under 167b and 545°C (steam temperature). After 3500h operation, the tubes were removed and characterized by Light Optical Metallography (LOM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results highlight the excellent oxidation resistance of VALIORTM T/P92 product by the formation of a protective aluminum oxide scale. In addition, no enhanced oxidation was observed on the areas close to the welds. These results are compared with the results obtained from laboratory steam oxidation testing performed on a 9%Cr T/P92 steel with and without VALIORTM coating exposed in Ar-50%H 2 O at 650°C.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 900-911, October 11–14, 2016,
... strengthened materials (263 alloy and Haynes 282). The high temperature oxidation tests were performed in water to steam close loop system, the samples were investigated analytically prior and after exposures using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), and X-Ray...
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The A-USC technology is still under development due to limited number of materials complying with the requirements of high creep strength and high performance in highly aggressive corrosion environments. Development of power plant in much higher temperatures than A-USC is currently impossible due to the materials limitation. Currently, nickel-based superalloys besides advanced austenitic steels are the viable candidates for some of the A-USC components in the boiler, turbine, and piping systems due to higher strength and improved corrosion resistance than standard ferritic or austenitic stainless steels. The paper, presents the study performed at 800 °C for 3000 hours on 3 advanced austenitic steels; 309S, 310S and HR3C with higher than 20 Cr wt% content and 4 Ni-based alloys including: two solid-solution strengthened alloys (Haynes 230), 617 alloy and two (γ’) gamma - prime strengthened materials (263 alloy and Haynes 282). The high temperature oxidation tests were performed in water to steam close loop system, the samples were investigated analytically prior and after exposures using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). Mass change data have been examined every 250 hours.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 976-980, October 21–24, 2019,
... microscopy (BSE) equipped in electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8530F). To obtain more detailed information of oxide scales, characterization of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM, HITACH HD-2000) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was conducted, in which the TEM...
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The current work presented a study of isothermal-oxidation behavior of the additive manufactured (AM) Alloy718 in air at 800°C. The oxidation behavior of Alloy718 specimens produced by selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) process were comparatively examined. No significant differences were observed in oxidation kinetics while different microstructures of the oxide scale were found. Coarse and columnar chromia grains developed on SLM specimens, whereas the chromia scale of EBM specimens consisted of extremely fine grains. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) analysis revealed that SLM specimens contain a higher content of Ti in chromia compared with EBM specimens. Process-induced supersaturation in SLM specimens might lead to a relatively high concentration of Ti in the chromia, which may affect the grain morphology of oxide scale in the SLM specimen.
Proceedings Papers
Krzysztof Cieszyński, Władysław Osuch, Maciej Kaczorowski, Stanisław Fudali, Aleksandra Czyrska-Filemonowicz
AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 1220-1231, October 22–25, 2013,
.... SEM analyses were conducted by Merlin Gemini II equipped with EDS - energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) system Quantax 800 of Bruker. TEM analyses utilized analytical JEM200CX of JEOL and Tecnai G2 20 of FEI microscopes. TEM 1222 investigation was carried out using thin foils prepared...
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Research on low-alloyed, heat-resistant 12Cr2MoWVTiB steel, implemented in China to power plants in 50’s last century, was performed to investigate a possibility of its application for pressure elements of boilers, in particular for membrane walls. The microstructure of the as-received 12Cr2MoWVTiB tube, investigated by light microscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy, consists of ferritic grains with some bainite areas between them as well as primary carbides (MC) and secondary carbides (VC, M 23 C 6 , M 6 C) formed during tempering of the steel. Results of mechanical tests of 12Cr2MoWVTiB welded joints (butt- and fillet welded joints) as well as microstructure analyses of are satisfactory.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 1138-1148, October 11–14, 2016,
... alloy strongly influences the corrosion products formation under the high temperature exposures. corrosion products energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy nickel-base superalloys salt spray testing scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil...
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Prior to utilizing new advanced materials in coal power plants, a large number of experimental testing is required. Test procedures are needed in specialized high temperature laboratories with state of the art facilities and precise, accurate analytical equipment capable of performing tests at a variety of temperatures and environments. In this study, the results of a unique technique involving salt spray testing at high temperatures are presented. The Haynes 282 gamma – prime (γ’) strengthened alloy fabricated by means of three different manufacturing processes: HAYNES 282 WROUGHT alloy, Haynes 282-SINT alloy, and finally Haynes 282-CAST alloy have been tested. The materials have been exposed to a salt spray corrosion atmosphere using 1% NaCl - 1% Na 2 SO 4 . Post exposure investigations have included SEM, EDS and XRD examinations. The test using salt spray of 1% NaCl - 1% Na 2 SO 4 water solution at 550 °C for 500 hours indicted no influence on the corrosion products formation, where Cr 2 O 3 has been developed in all three alloys, whereas NiO has been found only in Haynes 282-CAST material. On the other hand, it has been found that the fabrication process of HAYNES 282 alloy strongly influences the corrosion products formation under the high temperature exposures.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 690-698, October 15–18, 2024,
... for further characterization of samples microstructure. High-resolution elemental mapping was also acquired using X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) in STEM mode. The hardness testing was performed using a CLARK CM-802AT automatic hardness tester, and 300 gf of load was used. Table 1: Process...
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Friction Stir Layer Deposition on a Cu-containing high-entropy alloy (HEA) has been performed for its suitability of the core component of nuclear materials. Excellent irradiation resistance in this Cu-containing HEA has been reported previously. Friction stir layer deposition (FSLD) offers a solid-state deformation processing route to metal additive manufacturing, in which the feed material undergoes severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. Some of the key advantages of this process are fabrication of fully dense material with fine, equiaxed grain structures. This work reports the detailed microstructure of the FSLD product, and it discusses the grain refinement and micro-hardness variation observed in FSLD product.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 171-182, October 15–18, 2024,
... testing at 750°C and 950°C for up to 5000 hours, with interim analyses conducted at 2000 hours. The post-exposure analysis employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify phase development and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to examine surface morphology, cross...
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This study investigates the steam oxidation behavior of Alloy 699 XA, a material containing 30 wt.% chromium and 2 wt.% aluminum that forms protective oxide scales in low-oxygen conditions. The research compares four variants of the alloy: conventional bulk material, a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additively manufactured version, and two modified compositions. The modified versions include MAC-UN-699-G, optimized for gamma-prime precipitation, and MAC-ISIN-699, which underwent in-situ internal nitridation during powder atomization. All variants were subjected to steam oxidation testing at 750°C and 950°C for up to 5000 hours, with interim analyses conducted at 2000 hours. The post-exposure analysis employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify phase development and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to examine surface morphology, cross-sectional microstructure, and chemical composition. This study addresses a significant knowledge gap regarding the steam oxidation behavior of 699 XA alloy, particularly in its additively manufactured state.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 1331-1337, October 15–18, 2024,
..., surfaces and crosssections of the post-test specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy/energy 1333 dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to investigate infiltration behaviors of the fuel salts. Cross-sections of the specimens were polished using 240-grit SiC paper before the analysis...
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A thorough understanding of interactions between graphite and fluoride fuel salts is crucial, as graphite is a promising candidate for the moderator of molten salt reactors. This study investigates the infiltration of fluoride fuel salts into graphite and the fluorination of graphite by these salts under various pressures and temperatures. A high-pressure salt infiltration test apparatus was developed to examine the infiltration of NaF-KF-UF 4 and NaF-BeF 2 -UF 4 -ZrF 4 fuel salts into two types of graphite at high temperatures. For tests using NaF-BeF 2 -UF 4 -ZrF 4 , two different temperatures were selected to assess the impact of temperature on threshold pressure. The study observed salt infiltration into graphite at pressures exceeding its threshold pressure, and the threshold pressure for infiltration was lower at the higher temperature. In addition, the formation of carbon fluorides on the surface of post-test graphite specimens was identified.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 586-595, October 22–25, 2013,
... by double jet electropolishing. The carbon replicas of the precipitates were prepared by the chemical etching method. The accelerating electron voltage of TEM was 200 kV, and the magnification was ×20,000 1,000,000. The chemical composition of the precipitates was determined by energy dispersive X-ray...
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In order to study the effect of precipitation strengthening by MX precipitates on the restriction of microstructure degradation in 9 mass% Cr ferritic heat-resistant steels, V, Nb additioned model steels were evaluated by microstructure analysis through TEM and EBSD with reference to the creep test and creep interrupting test. VN precipitation increased the creep strength if the content was higher than 0.02%. Simultaneous addition of Nb and V in the specimen resulted in the complex NbC-VN precipitates even in the as-heat-treated specimens. The coherent and fine-needle-type VN was also detected in the steel. These precipitates are expected to increase the creep strength according to the creep strain curves. V variation up to 0.02% did not affect the crystallographic character of the grain boundary in the as-heat-treated specimens. Nb variation affected the crystallographic character of the grain boundary significantly because of the grain refinement effect of NbC. VN precipitation during the creep test restricted the crystallographic misorientation-angle-profile degradation. Integrating all intragranular precipitates, VN, restricts the crystallographic degradation significantly. The long-term creep test results and the precise precipitation analysis will be disclosed by the presentation.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 812-820, October 21–24, 2019,
... The microstructure of the processed samples and the heat-treated samples was observed using a field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, JEOL JSM-7200F) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) using acceleration voltage at 20 kV. Samples...
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Understanding of the thermomechanical processing that affects microstructures is important to develop new alloys, because the mechanical properties of Ti alloys depend on the microstructures. In our previous study, we found Sn deteriorated the oxidation resistance, while Nb improved the oxidation resistance. Then, we have focused on Ti-Al-Nb-Zr alloys which Nb was added instead of Sn. Zr was added for solid solution strengthening. In this study, the formation of microstructures by thermomechanical processing and the effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties were investigated using the Ti-13Al-2Nb-2Zr (at%) alloy. The samples heat-treated in the β+α phase followed by furnace cooling after processed in the β+α phase formed the equiaxed or the ellipsoid α phase surrounded by the β phase. On the other hand, the sample heat-treated in the β+α phase followed by furnace cooling after processed in the β phase formed the lamellar microstructure. The compression strengths of the equiaxed α structure processed at two temperatures in the β+α phase were almost the same. While creep life of the bi-modal structure was drastically changed by processing temperature.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 1020-1032, October 15–18, 2024,
... of failed creep samples. BSE imaging was also supplemented with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate local chemistry variations in the microstructure. 1022 Bulk chemical analysis was performed on representative deposited material from each test program. A comprehensive chemical survey...
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This study evaluates the elevated temperature mechanical performance of 316H stainless steel produced using directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) from three separate collaborative research programs focused on understanding how AM variables affect creep performance. By combining these studies, a critical assessment of variables was possible including the DED AM method (laser powder and gas metal arc wire), laser power, sample orientation relative to build orientation, chemical composition, and post-processing heat treatment. Detailed microstructure characterization was used to supplement creep and chemistry results to provide insights into potential mechanistic differences in behavior. The study found that sample orientation was a critical variable in determining lower-bound creep behavior, but that in general the lowest creep strength orientation and the lowest creep ductility orientation were not the same. Heat treatment was also an important variable with as-printed materials showing for specific test conditions improved performance and that underlying substructures formed due to inhomogeneous chemical distributions were not completely removed when using standard wrought solution annealing heat-treatments. The chemistry of the final deposited parts differed from the starting stock and may be an important consideration for long-term performance which is not fully appreciated. Overall, the study found that while all the DED materials tested fell within an expected wrought scatter band of performance, the actual creep performance could vary by an order of magnitude due to the many factors described.
Proceedings Papers
AM-EPRI2024, Advances in Materials, Manufacturing, and Repair for Power Plants: Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference, 897-908, October 15–18, 2024,
.... Microstructural characterization to measure compositional changes and identify phase transformations was performed using scanning electron (SE), back-scattered electron (BSE) microscopy (TESCAN MIRA3 SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS:EDAX Octane Elect Super Silicon Drift Detector). MODELING...
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There is a critical lack of data on the mechanical behavior of candidate structural materials for advanced nuclear reactors under molten halide salt environments. Limited legacy data from the molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) program showed a significant reduction in creep rupture strength of a Ni-base alloy in molten fluoride salt. With ongoing efforts to commercialize different molten salt reactor concepts, the industry can considerably benefit from quantitative information on the impact of molten halide salts on the engineering properties such as creep and fatigue strength of materials of interest. The present work aims to assess the role of molten salt corrosion on the creep behavior of three alloys 316H, 617 and 282 at 650-816 °C. Creep tests were conducted in fluoride (FLiNaK) and chloride (NaCl-MgCl 2 ) salts. Initial results from the ongoing testing will be presented which suggest that the molten salt environment caused a 25-50% reduction in creep rupture lifetime compared to air exposures. Physics-based corrosion and creep models were employed to gain some insights into the potential degradation mechanisms.