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oxide thickness

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Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 1256-1267, October 22–25, 2013,
... Abstract Both non-destructive and traditional microsectioning techniques have been used to measure the oxide thickness of steam grown oxides between two close contacting surfaces. Different power plant materials, nickel based alloys and ferritic-martensitic steels, were exposed to steam...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2004, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference, 202-216, October 25–28, 2004,
... steel strengthened by MX nitrides is the formation of Z-phase, which degrades long-term creep strength. Excess nitrogen additions of 0.07 and 0.1% promoted Z-phase formation during creep. The formation of a protective Cr-rich oxide scale was achieved through a combination of Si addition and pre...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 765-776, October 22–25, 2013,
... structure and the chromium content of the material. Oxide exfoliation correlates to oxide thickness. The time required to reach the critical oxide thickness for exfoliation can be estimated based on oxidation kinetic relationships. For austenitic stainless steels, shot peening is effective in reducing...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 243-253, August 31–September 3, 2010,
... Abstract In order to assist in developing mechanistic and computational models for understanding the performance of current Fe-base waterwall tubing, characterization has been performed on three field-exposed low alloy steel waterwall tubes. The waterside oxide thickness was characterized using...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 777-790, October 22–25, 2013,
...-grained TP347H was confirmed to be slower than that of coarse-grained TP316H. Hematite significantly influenced the scale exfoliation of the austenitic steels and the critical oxide thickness for exfoliation decreased with increasing proportion of hematite in the outer scale. adhesion strength...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 197-204, October 21–24, 2019,
... in the field. So far, no oxide microstructure difference is found between the laboratory and on field tubing: in both cases, the oxide structure is magnetite/hematite and Cr-spinel layers and the oxide thickness values lay within the same scatter band. The evolution of precipitates in the new alloy confirms...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 753-764, October 22–25, 2013,
... alloys oxide thickness steam oxidation Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference October 22 25, 2013, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA httpsdoi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2013p0753 Copyright © 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 213-242, August 31–September 3, 2010,
..., 4,5]. The Fe-Cr spinel is essentially magnetite containing Cr from the alloy, and can be represented as Fe1+xCr2-xO4 [6] The thicknesses of the Fe-Cr spinel and magnetite layers typically are very similar, but the thickness of haematite is variable; while this oxide is expected on thermodynamic...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 1024-1035, October 21–24, 2019,
.... This allows one to differentiate the oxide layer from the epoxy mount. Prior to copper plating, sample surfaces were coated with a thin layer of gold. Low magnification oxide thickness and morphology analysis was performed with a Keyence VHX-2000 optical microscope. Samples were also analyzed using a JEOL JSM...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2010, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference, 171-184, August 31–September 3, 2010,
... of the isothermal exposures are presented in Figure 8a and 8b showing the specific mass change and oxide thickness. These show that the oxidation kinetics precede in a parabolic manner, with the oxidation rate and consequently oxide thickness increasing with increasing temperature. 4.0 450 °C 475 °C 500 °C 3.0...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 892-902, October 22–25, 2013,
... reached temperature. Specimen mass changes were measured and are reported elsewhere [15]. There was little correlation between mass change and oxide thickness due to combinations of ash incorporation into the scale and scale spallation [10], thus, characterization focused on metal loss and oxide thickness...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 791-802, October 22–25, 2013,
..., 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 1000h 100h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 100h, 1000h 100h, 300h, 1000h 1000h 1000h Surface appearance, oxide thickness and microstructure...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 803-814, October 22–25, 2013,
... thick oxide that is prone to exfoliate. This study reviews three exfoliation mitigation strategies that have been investigated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL): (1) adjusting the Cr and Ni contents within the alloy specification to improve oxidation resistance, (2) shot peening [6-9], which...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2013, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference, 821-831, October 22–25, 2013,
..., and hairpin bends. The progressive increase in steam and tube temperatures along a single loop of superheater tubing and the ensuing variation of oxide scale thickness are considered. Numerical simulation results for a superheater loop made of TP347H austenitic steel indicated that tube blockage fractions...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 877-887, October 11–14, 2016,
... environment up to about 600 °C (1100 °F); above this threshold, their effective use is limited by the rate of oxidation, which leads to rapid exfoliation with all related consequences (loss of thickness, thermal insulation, clogging ) [12]. In parallel, different solutions based on 12% Cr alloying...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 939-947, October 21–24, 2019,
... and conventional and advanced austenitic steels as well as shot peened type 304H stainless steel. Compared to ambient steam exposures, the oxides formed after 1,000 h were similar in thickness for each of the alloy classes but appeared to have a different microstructure, particularly for the outer Fe-rich layer...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 953-966, October 21–24, 2019,
... section was descaled and used for standard optical metallographic examination. The average metal thickness loss for samples was arrived at by dividing the final weight loss of the sample by the alloy density. The average internal attack (i.e. only internal oxide penetration, no voids) in a given sample...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 678-689, October 11–14, 2016,
... uniformly in terms of thickness, while inner oxidized layer was preferentially formed along the grain boundary. The total oxide thickness, the sum of outer scale and inner oxidized layer thickness, was almost the same at three temperatures. On the other hand, the microstructure of 12Cr steel also consists...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2016, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants: Proceedings from the Eighth International Conference, 813-822, October 11–14, 2016,
... is that alloy chemistry evolution over time, e.g. improved cleanliness in steels or leaner Cr and Ni contents, has altered performance. Modeling of steamside oxidation and exfoliation has improved the understanding of parameters such as oxide thickness, thermal expansion and tube 813 geometry [10-12]. However...
Proceedings Papers

AM-EPRI2019, 2019 Joint EPRI – 123HiMAT International Conference on Advances in High-Temperature Materials, 348-359, October 21–24, 2019,
... for each position throughout the HAZ. Oxide scale thicknesses were measured using two measuring techniques. Firstly, an average equivalent oxide thickness was determined based on the area of the oxide scale over the length of the surface observed within that image. Secondly, due to the presence of distinct...